[137] For this moral effect, see _Montesquieu_, _Esprit des Lois_, lib. xxi., chap. xx. [138] See citation in _Lecky_. [139] See _Coquelin and Guillaumin_, article _Intérêt_. [140] See _Craik's History of British Commerce_, chapter vi. The statute cited is _3 Henry VII._, chapter vi. [141] See _Lecky_. [142] See citation from the _Tischreden_, in _Guillaumin and Coquelin_, article _Intérêt_. [143] See _Craik's History of British Commerce_, chapter vi. [144] For citation, as above, see _Lecky_. For further account, see _Œuvres de Bossuet_, edition of 1845, vol. xi., p. 330. [145] See citation from _Concina_ in _Lecky_; also, acquiescence in this interpretation by _Mr. Dickinson_, in _Speech in Senate of New York_, above quoted. [146] See _Réplique des douze Docteurs_, etc., cited by Guillaumin and Coquelin. [147] _Burton_, _History of Scotland_, vol. viii., p. 511. See, also, Mause Headrigg's views in Scott's _Old Mortality_, chapter vii. For the case of a person debarred from the communion for "raising the devil's wind" with a winnowing-machine, see _Works of Sir J. Y. Simpson_, vol. ii. Those doubting the authority or motives of Simpson may be reminded that he was, to the day of his death, one of the strictest adherents of Scotch orthodoxy. [148] See _Journal of Sir I. Brunel_, for May 20, 1827, in _Life of I. K. Brunel_, p. 30. [149] This scene will be recalled, easily, by many leading ethnologists in America, and especially by Mr. E. G. Squier, formerly minister of the United States to Central America. [150] The meteorological battle is hardly fought out yet. Many excellent men seem still to entertain views almost identical with those of over two thousand years ago, depicted in _The Clouds_ of Aristophanes. [151] These texts are Ezekiel v. 5 and xxxviii. 12. The progress of geographical knowledge, evidently, caused them to be softened down somewhat in our King James's version; but the first of them reads, in the Vulgate, "Ista est Hierusalem, in medio gentium posui eam et in circuitu ejus terras;" and the second reads in the Vulgate "in medio terræ," and in the Septuagint _ἑπι τὁν ὁμφαλὁν τἡς γἡς_. That the literal centre of the earth was meant, see proof in St. Jerome, Commentar. in Ezekiel, lib. ii., and for general proof, see Leopardi, "Saggio sopra gli errori popolari degli antichi," pp. 207, 208. For an idea of orthodox geography in the middle ages, see _Wright's Essay on Archæology_, vol. ii., chapter "On the Map of the World in Hereford Cathedral." For an example of the depth to which this idea of Jerusalem as the centre had entered into the thinking of the great poet of the middle ages, see _Dante_, _Inferno_, _Canto xxxiv._: "E se' or sotto l'emisperio giunto, Ch' è opposito a quel, che la gran secca Coverchia, e sotto 'l cui colmo consunto Fu l'uom che nacque e visse senza pecca."