“Old Betsy”: 168. “Ordinance of the Northwest”: 68. Oregon: density of population in 1870, 220; should extend to Alaska, 289-290. Oregon trail: greatest of all American roads, 262; early need for, 289; early makers, 291; its beginning, 293; early adventurers along, 294; a second stage begins, 297; first agricultural invasion along, 298; distance and direction, 305-310. “Oregon Trail,” Parkman’s: 303. Osborn, William Henry: 368-372. Oxen: used as pack animals, 206. Pacific: first man to reach it by land trail, 318. Pacific Fur Company: 197. Pacific railway: delayed by the Civil War, 354. Pack horse: 202. Packing, flexibility of charges for: 204. Paine, Justice of Wisconsin: 377. Panniers: 30. Parkman, Francis: 275, 300-304. Pastimes of frontiersmen: 16. Pathfinder, The Great: 224. Pawnees, The: wear Spanish medals, 338. Pax Jacksonii: 178. Pelesipia: 69, 124. Penn, William: 76. Pennsylvania: starting point of the westward movement, 13; chances against it in westward movement, 49; first trail from, 73; migrations from in last half of eighteenth century, 77. Peters, Doctor: 228. Petition of Robertson and Sevier’s men: 59. Phenicia: 36. Philadelphia: 76, 168. Phillibert: 266-7. Physical strength: its importance in the West, 192. Piano taken to a mining camp: 204. Pike, Lieutenant Zebulon: marches to the Colorado, 71; theory of straight lines, 262; seeks headwaters of Red River, 264; opposed by the Spaniards, 266; selects route of Santa Fé trail, 270; mistakes Rio Grande for Red River, 287; journeys of, 337-339. Pioneers of Kentucky: 80. Pirate, The: 176, 181. Plains, Indians: 340. Platt River: ancient road of the Indians, 293. Poland: emigration to the United States, 410. Polk, Colonel: 159. Population: center of in 1860, 220; of America, 221. Post, The: 215-216. Potatoes: price of in San Juan mining camp in 1875, 203; in Montana, 215; in Chicago in 1902, 393. Powell, Major: 336. Prices: high in the Rockies, 203; in Virginia City, Montana, 214-216. Princeton: 85, 131. “Proceedings of Sundry Citizens of Baltimore”: 349. Prosperity: a false condition of to-day, 395-401. Protestant, The: 53. Purcell, James: 263. Puritans: 42-3. Putnam, Rufus: 41. Quakers: 53; stem of pioneer stock, 76; find homes west of the Alleghanies, 77. Quicksilver: hard to pack in the mountains, 205. Railroads: wooden-railed road from Chicago to Galena, 346; idea of Philip Evans Thomas, 348-9; routes suggested to the Pacific, 351-2; prophecy of what a road to the Pacific would do, 353; to the Pacific delayed by Civil War, 354; part played by them in the development of the West, 362-367; changes wrought by them, 385; their growth in America, 386; formerly owned largely outside the U. S., 389; an overgrowth to-day, 391; will settle future of the West, 420. Ramsey: 134. Receipt-book of William Flack: 81. Red River carts: 345. Reed: 333.