The need of their _existence_ must be understood: they are the _result_ of causes which have nothing to do with reasoning. 263. To _see_ and _reveal_ the problem of morality seems to me to be the new task and the principal thing of all. I deny that this has been done by moral philosophies heretofore. 264. How false and deceptive men have always been concerning the fundamental facts of their inner world! Here to have no eye; here to hold one's tongue, and here to open one's mouth. 265. There seems to be no knowledge or consciousness of the many _revolutions_ that have taken place in moral judgments, and of the number of times that "evil" has really and seriously been christened "good" and _vice versa._ I myself pointed to one of these transformations with the words "Sittlichkeit der Sitte."[3] Even conscience has changed its sphere: formerly there was such a thing as a gregarious pang of conscience. [Footnote 3: The morality of custom.] 266. A. _Morality_ as the work of _Immorality._ 1. In order that moral values may attain to _supremacy,_ a host of immoral forces and passions must assist them. 2. The establishment of moral values is the work of immoral passions and considerations. B. _Morality as the work of error._ C. _'Morality gradually contradicts itself._ Requital--Truthfulness, Doubt, έποχή, Judging. The "Immorality" of _belief_ in morality. The steps:-- 1. Absolute dominion of morality: all biological phenomena measured and _judged_ according to its values. 2. The attempt to identify Life with morality (symptom of awakened scepticism: morality must no longer be regarded as the opposite of Life); many means are sought--even a transcendental one. 3. The _opposition of Life_ and _Morality._ Morality condemned and sentenced by Life. D. To what extent was morality _dangerous_ to Life? _(a)_ It depreciated the joy of living and the gratitude felt towards Life, etc. _(b)_ It checked the tendency to beautify and to ennoble Life. _(c)_ It checked the knowledge of Life. _(d)_ It checked the unfolding of Life, because it tried to set the highest phenomena thereof at variance with itself. E. Contra-account: the _usefulness_ of morality to Life. (1) Morality may be a preservative measure for the general whole, it may be a process of uniting dispersed members: it is useful as an agent in the production of the man who is a "_tool_." (2) Morality may be a preservative measure mitigating the inner danger threatening man from the direction of his passions: it is useful to "_mediocre people_." (3) Morality may be a preservative measure resisting the life-poisoning influences of profound sorrow and bitterness: it is useful to the "_sufferers_." (4) Morality may be a preservative measure opposed to the terrible outbursts of the mighty: it is useful to the "_lowly_." 267.