The zenith of intellectuality, according to Schopenhauer, was to arrive at the knowledge that all is to no purpose--in short, to recognise what the good man already _does_ instinctively.... He denies that there can be higher states of intellectuality--he regards his view as a _non plus ultra.._.. Here intellectuality is placed much lower than goodness; its highest value (as art, for instance) would be to lead up to, and to advise the adoption of, morality, the absolute predominance of _moral values._ Next to Schopenhauer I will now characterise _Kant_: there was nothing Greek in Kant; he was quite anti-historical (cf. his attitude in regard to the French Revolution) and a moral fanatic (see Goethe's words concerning the radically evil element in human nature[8]). _Saintliness_ also lurked somewhere in his soul.... I require a criticism of the saintly type. Hegel's value: "Passion." Herbert Spencer's tea-grocer's philosophy: total absence of an ideal save that of the mediocre man. Fundamental instinct of all philosophers, historians, and psychologists: everything of _value_ in mankind, art, history, science, religion, and technology must be shown to be _morally valuable_ and _morally conditioned,_ in its aim, means, and result. Everything is seen in the light of this highest value; for instance, Rousseau's question concerning civilisation, "Will it make man grow better?"--a funny question, for the reverse is _obvious,_ and is a fact which speaks _in favour_ of civilisation. [Footnote 8: TRANSLATOR'S NOTE.--This is doubtless a reference to a passage in a letter written by Goethe to Herder, on 7th June 1793, from the camp at Marienborn, near Mainz, in which the following words occur:--"_Dagegen hat aber auch Kant seinen philosophischen Mantel, nachdem er ein langes Menschenleben gebraucht hat, ihn von mancherlei sudelhaften Vorurteilen zu reinigen, freventlich mit dem Schandfleck des radikalen Bösen beschlabbert, damit doch auch Christen herbeigelockt werden den Saum zu küssen?--_("Kant, on the other hand, after he had tried throughout his life to keep his philosophical cloak unsoiled by foul prejudices, wantonly dirtied it in the end with the disreputable stain of the 'radical evil' in human nature, in order that Christians too might be lured into kissing its hem.") From this passage it will be seen how Goethe had anticipated Nietzsche's view of Kant; namely, that he was a Christian in disguise.] 383. _Religious morality.--_Passion, great desire; the passion for power, love, revenge, and property: the moralists wish to uproot and exterminate all these things, and "purify" the soul by driving them out of it. The argument is: the passions often lead to disaster--therefore, they are evil and ought to be condemned. Man must wring himself free from them, otherwise he cannot be a _good_ man....