In all ages, "fine feelings" have been regarded as arguments, "heaving breasts" have been the bellows of godliness, convictions have been the "criteria" of truth, and the need of opposition has been the note of interrogation affixed to wisdom. This falseness and fraud permeates the whole history of philosophy. But for a few respected sceptics, no instinct for intellectual Uprightness is to be found anywhere. Finally, _Kant_ guilelessly sought to make this thinker's corruption scientific by means of his concept, "_practical reason_". He expressly invented a reason which, in certain cases, would allow one _not_ to bother about reason--that is to say, in cases where the heart's desire, morality, or "duty" are the motive power. 415. _Hegel_: his popular side, the doctrine of war and of great men. Right is on the side of the victorious: he (the victorious man) stands for the progress of mankind. His is an attempt at proving the dominion of morality by means of history. Kant: a kingdom of moral values withdrawn from us, invisible, real. Hegel: a demonstrable process of evolution, the actualisation of the kingdom of morality. We shall not allow ourselves to be deceived either in Kant's or Hegel's way:--We no longer _believe,_ as they did, in morality, and therefore have no philosophies to found with the view of justifying morality. Criticism and history have no charm for us _in this_ respect: what is their charm, then? 416. The importance of German philosophy (_Hegel,_) the thinking out of a kind of _pantheism_ which would not reckon evil, error, and suffering as arguments against godliness. _This grand initiative_ was misused by the powers that were (State, etc.) to sanction the rights of the people that happened to be paramount. _Schopenhauer_ appears as a stubborn opponent of this idea; he is a moral man who, in order to keep in the right concerning his moral valuation, finally becomes a _denier of the world._ Ultimately he becomes a "mystic." I myself have sought an _æsthetic_ justification of the ugliness in this world. I regarded the desire for beauty and for the persistence of certain forms as a temporary preservative and recuperative measure: what seemed to me to be fundamentally associated with pain, however, was the eternal lust of creating and the _eternal compulsion to destroy._ We call things ugly when we look at them with the desire of attributing some sense, some _new_ sense, to what has become senseless: it is the accumulated power of the creator which compels him to regard what has existed hitherto as no longer acceptable, botched, worthy of being suppressed--ugly! 417.