_Uglification_: self-derision, dialectical dryness, intelligence in the form of a _tyrant_ against the "tyrant" (instinct). Everything in Socrates is exaggeration, eccentricity, caricature; he is a buffoon with the blood of Voltaire in his veins. He discovers a new form of _agon_; he is the first fencing-master in the superior classed of Athens; he stands for nothing else than the _highest form of cleverness_: he calls it "virtue" (he regarded it as a means of _salvation_; he did not choose to be _clever,_ cleverness was _de rigueur_); the proper thing is to control one's self in suchwise that one enters into a struggle _not_ with passions but with reasons as one's weapons (Spinoza's stratagem--the unravelment of the errors of passion);--it is desirable to discover how every one may be caught once he is goaded into a passion, and to know how illogically passion proceeds; self-mockery is practised in order to injure the very roots of the _feelings of resentment._ It is my wish to understand which idiosyncratic states form a part of the Socratic problem: its association of reason, virtue, and happiness. With this absurd doctrine of the identity of these things it succeeded _in charming_ the world: ancient philosophy could not rid itself of this doctrine.... Absolute lack of objective interest: hatred of science: the idiosyncrasy of considering one's self a problem. Acoustic hallucinations in Socrates: morbid element. When the intellect is rich and independent, it most strongly resists preoccupying itself with morality. How is it that Socrates is a _moral-maniac_?--Every "practical" philosophy immediately steps into the foreground in times of distress. When morality and religion become the chief interests of a community, they are signs of a state of distress. 433. Intelligence, clearness, hardness, and logic as weapons against the_ wildness of the instincts_. The latter must be dangerous and must threaten ruin, otherwise no purpose can be served by developing _intelligence_ to this degree of tyranny. In order to make a _tyrant_ of intelligence the instincts must first have proved themselves tyrants. This is the problem. It was a very timely one in those days. Reason became virtue--virtue equalled happiness.