_Culture_ versus _Civilisation._--The culminating stages of culture and civilisation lie apart: one must not be led astray as regards the fundamental antagonism existing between culture and civilisation. From the moral standpoint, great periods in the history of culture have always been periods of corruption; while on the other hand, those periods in which man was deliberately and compulsorily _tamed_ ("civilisation") have always been periods of intolerance towards the most intellectual and most audacious natures. Civilisation desires something different from what culture strives after: their aims may perhaps be opposed.... 122. _What I warn people against_: confounding the instincts of decadence with those of _humanity_; Confounding the _dissolving means_ of civilisation _and those which necessarily promote decadence,_ with _culture_; Confounding _debauchery,_ and the principle, "laisser aller," with the _Will to Power_ (the latter is the exact reverse of the former). 123. The unsolved problems which I set anew: the _problem of civilisation,_ the struggle between Rousseau and Voltaire about the year 1760. Man becomes deeper, more mistrustful, more "immoral," stronger, more self-confident--and therefore "_more natural_"; that is "progress." In this way, by a process of division of labour, the more evil strata and the milder and tamer strata of society get separated: so that _the general facts_ are not visible at first sight.... It is a sign of _strength,_ and of the self-control and fascination of the strong, that these stronger strata possess the arts in order to make their greater powers for evil felt as something "_higher_" As soon as there is "progress" there is a transvaluation of the strengthened factors into the "good." 124. Man must have the _courage_ of his natural instincts restored to him.-- _The poor opinion_ he has of himself must be destroyed (_not_ in the sense of the individual, but in the sense of the _natural_ man ...)-- The _contradictions_ in things must be eradicated, after it has been well understood that we were responsible for them-- _Social idiosyncrasies_ must be stamped out of existence (guilt, punishment, justice, honesty, freedom, love, etc. etc.)-- An advance towards "_naturalness_": in all political questions, even in the relations between parties, even in merchants', workmen's, or contractors' parties, only _questions_ of _power_ come into play:-- "what one _can_ do" is the first question, what one ought to do is only a secondary consideration. 125.