_Puffins_, 144; laying eggs in cliff-holes, 142. Puma, range and habits of the, 292. Pythons crushing their prey, 117. Quadrate bone, absent in milk-givers, 191; giving a wide gape to the snake, 114; _in bird_, 126; _in lizard_, 103; _in snake_, 111. Quadrumana, use of term, 242. Quails, scratching birds, 157. Queensland, _Ceratodus of_, 34. Rats, intelligence of, 230. Rattlesnake feeding on “Prairie dogs,” 225; horny plates of the, 118; _jaw of the_, 119. Rays, manner of feeding of, 42. _Red deer with branching antlers_, 272. _Remora carried by shark_, 51. Reptiles, abound in warm countries, 90; age of the great, 339; care for their young, 122; disappearance of ancient, 94, 211; flying, of olden times, 93; huge, of ancient times, 91, 94; _in their palmy days_, 89; lay their eggs on land, 90; linked in structure with birds, 129; modern, 94–122. Rheas, three-toed ostriches, 139. Rhinoceros, absence of upper teeth in, 265; horn made of matted hair, 264; embedded in ice, 265. Rhytinas in Behring’s Straits, 316. Ribbon fish, 49. Ribs of lizard, 97, 103; of snake, used in walking, 112; of tortoise, forming the shell, 99. River-fish, 46, 64. River-tortoises, 101. Roach, 65. _Rodent, skull of_, 217; teeth of, 216. Rodents or gnawers, 215; affinity of elephants to, 276; generally small and weak, 215; _a group of_, 221; and insect-eaters compared, 239. Rollers, darting birds of the East, 168. Rooks, nests of, 170. Rorqual, short whalebones of, 326. Rough hound, 28. Round-mouthed fishes, 16. Ruminants, characters of the, 259; wide spread of, 269. Running birds, 136–140. Russia, sturgeon in, 32. Salamander, gigantic, of Japan, 78; black, viviparous, 81. Salamandra atra, viviparous, 81. Salmon going up river to spawn, 64. Sandpipers, wading birds, 148. Sauropsida, birds and lizards, 129. Scales of bony fish and mud-fish, 45; of fish, 27; of snakes embedded in the skin, 111. Scaly lizard is viviparous, 105. Scoresby, on walrus killing narwhal, 309; on whale-mothers defending their young, 330; on whale spouting, 321. Sea, chief home of fish, 46. Sea-birds, 142–150; _a group of_, 144. Sea-cows, relationship of, 303; their structure and habits, 315. _Sea-horse, a fish_, 63. Sea-lion, _and common seal_, 306; _skeleton of a_, 304; structure of, 305; range of, 306. Sea-lions on the Aleutian Isles, 310; _fighting for wives_, 311. Seals, breathing apparatus of, 308; how adapted for a sea-life, 307; on English coasts, 303; origin of, 303; structure and range of, 313, 314. Seal-skin, how prepared, 308. Sea-otter, structure of the, 301. _Sea-squirt, growth of a_, 14. Sea-squirts, anomalous position of, 15. Sea-tortoises coming on land to lay eggs, 102.