The Wonder Book of Knowledge: The Marvels of Modern Industry and Invention, the Interesting Stories of Common Things, the Mysterious Processes of Nature Simply Explained
History
The Wonder Book of Knowledge: The Marvels of Modern Industry and Invention, the Interesting Stories of Common Things, the Mysterious Processes of Nature Simply Explained
Industrial arts -- History
The three negatives are each printed on sensitized copper, as was noted
with the black and white halftone; they are then turned over to the
re-etcher, who may be rightly termed an “artist-etcher.” He has before
him three prints on copper; on each of them are tones which to his
trained eye are too light or too dark to produce the desired result when
printed with the other two, which also vary more or less. It is his duty
to strengthen and reduce and otherwise manipulate the plates so that
they will, when finally printed, have the desired result.
For every particular use to which an engraving can be put, there is some
particular style or grade of engraving better adapted than any other.
The successful use of halftones, whether in black and white or in
colors, depends on the care with which the particular screen is selected
to suit the paper stock and printing conditions. To illustrate this, the
150-line screen has 22,500 stipples to the square inch. It is apparent,
therefore, that only certain kinds of paper can be used for such
halftones, whereas a 60-line screen contains only 3,600 stipples to the
square inch, which permits its use on a newspaper stock.
The production of engravings is just as highly technical and scientific
and involves as much experience and judgment in their application as any
of the learned professions.
* * * * *
Where are Milk-Pails Filled from Trees?
In South America there are some trees known as “cow-trees” which, when
wounded, yield a rich, milky, nutritious juice in such abundance as to
render it an important article of food. This fluid resembles in
appearance and quality the milk of the cow.
The cow-tree is a member of the bread-fruit family, and is most common
in Venezuela, growing to the height of a hundred feet. The leaves are
leathery, about a foot long and three or four inches broad.
In British Guiana the name is given to another large, much-branched
tree, and there are also other varieties in Para and along the Rio
Negro, which is a tributary of the Amazon River.
How did the Wearing of a Crown Originate?
When we speak of a crown now we mean the head-dress worn by royal
personages as a badge of sovereignty, but it was formerly used to
include the wreaths or garlands worn by the ancients upon special
occasions.
Among the Greeks and Romans, crowns made of grass, flowers, twigs of
laurel, oak, olive and so forth, and later of gold, were made use of as
honors in athletic contests, as rewards for military valor, and at
feasts, funerals and so forth.
It is, however, with the eastern diadem rather than with the classic
corona that the crown, as a symbol of royalty, is connected; indeed, it
was only introduced as such a symbol by Alexander the Great, who
followed the Persian usage. Antony wore a crown in Egypt, and the Roman
emperors also wore crowns of various forms, from the plain golden fillet
to the radiated or rayed crown.
[Illustration: CROWNS
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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