It has been also noticed that during earthquakes fish which under ordinary circumstances live in the mud at the bottom of bodies of water come near to the surface and at such times can be caught in great numbers. Mallet cites the following effects produced by earthquakes: "Amongst the effects supposed to be produced by the earthquake on the atmosphere were reckoned tempestuous winds, thunder-storms, meteors, coldness of the air, severe winters, heavy rains, miasmata, producing diseases and affecting vegetation. A very remarkable instance of the latter is quoted, namely, that in Peru, after the earthquake of 1687, wheat and barley would not thrive at all, though formerly the country was remarkably favourable for them." Sir Charles Lyell notes the following phenomena attending earthquakes: "Irregularities in the seasons preceding or following the shocks; sudden gusts of wind, interrupted by dead calms; violent rains at unusual seasons, or in countries where, as a rule, they are almost unknown; a reddening of the sun's disk, and haziness in the air, often continued for months; an evolution of electric matter, or of inflammable gas from the soil, with sulphurous and mephitic vapours; noises underground, like the running of carriages, or the discharge of artillery, or distant thunder; animals uttering cries of distress, and evincing extraordinary alarm, being more sensitive than men to the slightest movement; a sensation like sea-sickness, and a dizziness in the head, experienced by men. These, and other phenomena, less connected with our present subject as geologists, have recurred again and again at distant ages, and in all parts of the globe." THE END FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 1: A point on the other side of the earth directly opposite a given point.] [Footnote 2: A fracture of a stratum, or a general rock mass, with a relative displacement of the opposite sides of the break. The plane or fracture of a fault, known as the fault-plane, is seldom vertical. The higher side is called the heaved or upthrow side; the opposite side the thrown or downthrow side.] [Footnote 3: _Tectonic Earthquake_. An earthquake due to the sudden slip of faulted strata.] [Footnote 4: _I. e._, burnt out mountain, extinct volcano.] [Footnote 5: _Epicentre._ A point on the surface of the earth vertically above the point of origin of an earthquake, or the place where it starts.] Transcriber's Notes Obvious printer errors have been silently corrected. Some illustrations have been moved to paragraph breaks. Page 43: Kamehamoha could be a typo for Kamehameha. Page 68: Changed "salter" to "saltier." (Orig: another with water salter than the sea,) Page 76: Changed "Ena" to "Etna." (Orig: during his time Mt. Ena had lost so much of its height)