There are numerous star clusters which, unlike the true nebulæ, give
continuous spectra when their light is submitted to the action of the
prism. Of these may be specially mentioned the great clusters in
Andromeda and Hercules, which give continuous spectra, interrupted by
dark bands on the red and orange. The light thrown by these experiments
upon the nebular hypotheses of Sir William Herschel, who considered that
true nebulæ consisted of the primordial gaseous matter out of which suns
and stars have been elaborated, is very great, and will be appreciated
even by those whose knowledge of astronomy is small.
Spectral analysis has also been the means of our witnessing a celestial
conflagration, and understanding the cause of this marvellous event. It
is well known to most people that from time to time stars have suddenly
burst upon us, and have almost as suddenly disappeared. The theories
advanced to account for these singular celestial visitors, have been
more numerous than satisfactory. In May 1866, a star of the second
magnitude suddenly burst forth in the Northern Crown, and was almost
immediately noticed by Mr. Huggins who brought every power of prism and
telescope to bear upon this extraordinary celestial phenomenon. He found
the spectrum of the star to consist of two distinct spectra, one being
formed by four bright lines, the other analogous to the spectra of the
sun and stars. Consequently two kinds of light were given off by this
star; one forming a series of bright lines indicative of luminous gas,
the other consisting of a continuous spectrum, crossed by dark lines,
showing the existence of a solid body in a state of incandescence,
surrounded by a photosphere of luminous vapours. Two of the bright lines
undoubtedly showed the presence of hydrogen in a state of illumination,
the great brightness of the lines indicating that the burning gas was
hotter than the photosphere. These facts taken in conjunction with the
suddenness of the outburst in the star, and its immediate decline in
brightness from the second down to the eighth magnitude in twelve days,
suggest the startling speculation that the star had become suddenly
wrapped in the flames of burning hydrogen, consequent possibly on some
violent convulsion in the interior of the star having set free enormous
quantities of this gas. As the free hydrogen became exhausted, the
spectrum showing the bright lines gradually waned until the star
decreased in brilliancy. It must not be forgotten that the event seen by
Mr. Huggins occurred many years ago, and that the light emitted by this
marvellous celestial convulsion has been travelling to us ever since.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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