In the Hyaleacea and in other Pteropods, where the eyes are absent in the adult, Fol finds the supra-oesophageal ganglia resulting from a pair of epiblastic invaginations. May not these invaginations be really rudiments of the eyes as well as of the ganglia? Fol also, it is true, describes a similar mode of origin for these ganglia in Limax. It would be interesting to have further observations on this subject. The independent origin of the pedal and supra-oesophageal ganglia finds its parallel amongst the Chætopoda. [FIG. 122. THREE DIAGRAMMATIC SECTIONS OF THE EYES OF MOLLUSCA. (After Grenacher.) A. Nautilus. B. Gasteropod (Limax or Helix). C. Dibranchiate Cephalopod. _Pal._ eyelid; _Co._ cornea; _Co.ep._ epithelium of ciliary body; _Ir._ iris; _Int._ _Int1_ ... _Int4._ different parts of the integument; _l._ lens; _l1._ outer segment of lens; _R._ retina; _N.op._ optic nerve; _G.op._ optic ganglion; _x._ inner layer of retina; _N.S._ nervous stratum of retina.] The supra-oesophageal ganglia appear always to develop within the region of the velar area. This area corresponds with the præ-oral lobe of the Chætopod larva, at the apex of which is developed the supra-oesophageal ganglion. Embryology thus confirms the results of Comparative Anatomy in reference to the homology of these ganglia in the two groups. Optic organs[113]. An eye is present in most Gasteropods and in many larval Pteropods. Although its development has not been fully worked out, yet it has clearly been shewn by Bobretzky and other investigators that it originates as an involution of the epidermis, which first forms a cup and eventually a closed vesicle. The posterior wall of the vesicle gives rise to the retina, the anterior to the inner epithelium of the cornea. The external epidermis becomes continued over the outer surface of the vesicle. [113] For a fuller account of this subject the reader is referred to the chapter on 'The Development of the Eye.' The lens is formed in the interior of the vesicle, probably as a cuticular deposit, which increases by the addition of concentric layers. Pigment becomes deposited between the cells of the retina. Fig. 122 B is a diagrammatic representation of the adult eye of a Gasteropod. The Cephalopod eye is formed, as first shewn by Lankester, as a pit in the epiblast round which a fold arises (fig. 123 A) and gradually grows over the mouth of the pit so as to shut it off from communication with the exterior (fig. 123 B). [FIG. 123. TWO SECTIONS THROUGH THE DEVELOPING EYE OF A CEPHALOPOD TO SHEW THE FORMATION OF THE OPTIC CUP. (After Lankester.)]