The works of Francis Maitland Balfour, Volume 3 (of 4) : $b A treatise on comparative embryology: VertebrataBalfour, Francis M. (Francis Maitland)
Science
The works of Francis Maitland Balfour, Volume 3 (of 4) : $b A treatise on comparative embryology: Vertebrata
Balfour, Francis M. (Francis Maitland)
Embryology; Zoology
The rest of the blood brought by the vitelline arteries finds its way
into the lateral portions of a venous trunk bounding the vascular
area, which is known as the sinus terminalis, _S.T._, and there
divides on each side into two streams. Of these, the two which, one on
either side, flow backward, meet at a point about opposite to the tail
of the embryo, and are conveyed along a distinct vein which, running
straight forward parallel to the axis of the embryo, empties itself
into the left vitelline vein. The two forward streams reaching a gap
in the front part of the sinus terminalis fall into either one, or in
some cases two veins, which run straight backwards parallel to the
axis of the embryo, and so reach the roots of the heart. When one such
vein only is present it joins the left vitelline trunk; where there
are two they join the left and right vitelline trunks respectively.
The left vein is always considerably larger than the right; and the
latter when present rapidly gets smaller and speedily disappears.
After the third day, although the vascular area goes on increasing in
size until it finally all but encompasses the yolk, the prominence of
the sinus terminalis becomes less and less.
The foetal membranes and the yolk-sack may conveniently be treated of
together in the description of their later changes and final fate.
On the sixth and seventh days they exhibit changes of great
importance.
The amnion, at its complete closure on the fourth day, very closely
invested the body of the chick: the true cavity of the amnion was then
therefore very small. On the fifth day fluid begins to collect in the
cavity, and raises the membrane of the amnion to some distance from
the embryo. The cavity becomes still larger by the sixth day, and on
the seventh day is of very considerable dimensions, the fluid
increasing with it. On the sixth day Von Baer observed movements of
the embryo, chiefly of the limbs; he attributes them to the
stimulation of the cold air on opening the egg. By the seventh day
very obvious movements begin to appear in the amnion itself; slow
vermicular contractions creeping rhythmically over it. The amnion in
fact begins to pulsate slowly and rhythmically, and by its pulsation
the embryo is rocked to and fro in the egg. This pulsation is probably
due to the contraction of involuntary muscular fibres, which seem to
be present in the attenuated portion of the mesoblast, forming part of
the amniotic fold. Similar movements are also seen in the allantois at
a considerably later period.
The growth of the allantois has been very rapid, and it forms a
flattened bag, covering the right side of the embryo, and rapidly
spreading out in all directions between the primitive folds of the
amnion, that is, between the amnion proper and the false amnion or
serous envelope. It is filled with fluid, so that in spite of its
flattened form its opposite walls are distinctly separated from each
other.
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