The Works of George Berkeley. Vol. 1 of 4: Philosophical Works, 1705-21Berkeley, George
Philosophy
The Works of George Berkeley. Vol. 1 of 4: Philosophical Works, 1705-21
Berkeley, George
Philosophy -- Early works to 1800
77. With reference to this opinion, not to repeat what has been already
said concerning distance(368), I shall only observe, _first_, that if the
prospect of interjacent objects be that which suggests the idea of farther
distance, and this idea of farther distance be the cause that brings into
the mind the idea of greater magnitude, it should hence follow that if one
looked at the horizontal moon from behind a wall, it would appear no
bigger than ordinary. For, in that case, the wall interposing cuts off all
that prospect of sea and land, &c. which might otherwise increase the
apparent distance, and thereby the apparent magnitude of the moon. Nor
will it suffice to say, the memory doth even then suggest all that extent
of land, &c. which lies within the horizon, which suggestion occasions a
sudden judgment of sense, that the moon is farther off and larger than
usual. For, ask any man who from such a station beholding the horizontal
moon shall think her greater than usual, whether he hath at that time in
his mind any idea of the intermediate objects, or long tract of land that
lies between his eye and the extreme edge of the horizon? and whether it
be that idea which is the cause of his making the aforementioned judgment?
He will, without doubt, reply in the negative, and declare the horizontal
moon shall appear greater than the meridional, though he never thinks of
all or any of those things that lie between him and it. [And as for the
absurdity of any idea’s introducing into the mind another, whilst itself
is not perceived, this has already fallen under our observation, and is
too evident to need any farther enlargement on it(369).] _Secondly_, it
seems impossible, by this hypothesis, to account for the moon’s appearing,
in the very same situation, at one time greater than at another; which,
nevertheless, has been shewn to be very agreeable to the principles we
have laid down, and receives a most easy and natural explication from
them. [(370)For the further clearing up of this point, it is to be
observed, that what we immediately and properly see are only lights and
colours in sundry situations and shades, and degrees of faintness and
clearness, confusion and distinctness. All which visible objects are only
in the mind; nor do they suggest aught external(371), whether distance or
magnitude, otherwise than by habitual connexion, as words do things. We
are also to remark, that beside the straining of the eyes, and beside the
vivid and faint, the distinct and confused appearances (which, bearing
some proportion to lines and angles, have been substituted instead of them
in the foregoing part of this Treatise), there are other means which
suggest both distance and magnitude—particularly the situation of visible
points or objects, as upper or lower; the former suggesting a farther
distance and greater magnitude, the latter a nearer distance and lesser
magnitude—all which is an effect only of custom and experience, there
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