The Works of George Berkeley. Vol. 1 of 4: Philosophical Works, 1705-21Berkeley, George
Philosophy
The Works of George Berkeley. Vol. 1 of 4: Philosophical Works, 1705-21
Berkeley, George
Philosophy -- Early works to 1800
154. _First_, then, it is certain the aforesaid intelligence could have no
idea of a solid or quantity of three dimensions, which follows from its
not having any idea of distance. We, indeed, are prone to think that we
have by sight the ideas of space and solids; which arises from our
imagining that we do, strictly speaking, see distance, and some parts of
an object at a greater distance than others; which has been demonstrated
to be the effect of the experience we have had what ideas of touch are
connected with such and such ideas attending vision. But the intelligence
here spoken of is supposed to have no experience of touch. He would not,
therefore, judge as we do, nor have any idea of distance, outness, or
profundity, nor consequently of space or body, either immediately or by
suggestion. Whence it is plain he can have no notion of those parts of
geometry which relate to the mensuration of solids, and their convex or
concave surfaces, and contemplate the properties of lines generated by the
section of a solid. The conceiving of any part whereof is beyond the reach
of his faculties.
155. _Farther_, he cannot comprehend the manner wherein geometers describe
a right line or circle; the rule and compass, with their use, being things
of which it is impossible he should have any notion. Nor is it an easier
matter for him to conceive the placing of one plane or angle on another,
in order to prove their equality; since that supposes some idea of
distance, or external space. All which makes it evident our pure
intelligence could never attain to know so much as the first elements of
plain geometry. And perhaps, upon a nice inquiry, it will be found he
cannot even have an idea of plain figures any more than he can of solids;
since some idea of distance is necessary to form the idea of a geometrical
plane, as will appear to whoever shall reflect a little on it.
156. All that is properly perceived by the visive faculty amounts to no
more than colours with their variations, and different proportions of
light and shade—but the perpetual mutability and fleetingness of those
immediate objects of sight render them incapable of being managed after
the manner of geometrical figures; nor is it in any degree useful that
they should. It is true there be divers of them perceived at once; and
more of some, and less of others: but accurately to compute their
magnitude, and assign precise determinate proportions between things so
variable and inconstant, if we suppose it possible to be done, must yet be
a very trifling and insignificant labour.
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