The Works of George Berkeley. Vol. 1 of 4: Philosophical Works, 1705-21Berkeley, George
Philosophy
The Works of George Berkeley. Vol. 1 of 4: Philosophical Works, 1705-21
Berkeley, George
Philosophy -- Early works to 1800
The Principle that the _esse_ of matter necessarily involves _percipi_,
and its correlative Principle that there is not any other substance than
Spirit, which is thus the indispensable factor of all reality, both lead
on to the more obviously practical Principle—that the material world, _per
se_, is wholly powerless, and that all changes in Nature are the immediate
issue of the agency of Spirit (sect. 25-27). Concrete power, like concrete
substance, is essentially spiritual. To be satisfied that the whole
natural world is only the passive instrument and expression of Spiritual
Power we are asked to analyse the sensuous data of experience. We can find
no reason for attributing inherent power to any of the phenomena and
phenomenal things that are presented to our senses, or for supposing that
_they_ can be active causes, either of the changes that are continuously
in progress among themselves, or of the feelings, perceptions, and
volitions of which spiritual beings are conscious. We find the ideas or
phenomena that pass in procession before our senses related to one another
as signs to their meanings, in a cosmical order that virtually makes the
material world a language and a prophecy: but this cosmical procession is
not found to originate in the ideas or phenomena themselves, and there is
reason for supposing it to be maintained by ever-living Spirit, which thus
not only substantiates the things of sense, but explains their laws of
motion and their movements.
Yet the universe of reality is not exclusively One Spirit. Experience
contradicts the supposition. I find on trial that my personal power to
produce changes in the ideas or phenomena which my senses present to me is
a limited power (sect. 28-33). I can make and unmake my own fancies, but I
cannot with like freedom make and unmake presentations of sense. When in
daylight I open my eyes, it is not in my power to determine whether I
shall see or not; nor is it in my power to determine what objects I shall
see. The cosmical order of sense-phenomena is independent of my will. When
I employ my senses, I find myself always confronted by sensible signs of
perfect Reason and omnipresent Will. But I also awake in the faith that I
am an individual person. And the sense-symbolism of which the material
world consists, while it keeps me in constant and immediate relation to
the Universal Spirit, whose language it is, keeps me likewise in
intercourse with other persons, akin to myself, who are signified to me by
their overt actions and articulate words, which enter into my sensuous
experience. Sense-given phenomena thus, among their other instrumental
offices, are the medium of communication between human beings, who by this
means can find companions, and make signs to them. So while, at _our_
highest point of view, Nature is Spirit, experience shews that there is
room in the universe for a plurality of persons, individual, and in a
measure free or morally responsible.
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