The Works of George Berkeley. Vol. 1 of 4: Philosophical Works, 1705-21Berkeley, George
Philosophy
The Works of George Berkeley. Vol. 1 of 4: Philosophical Works, 1705-21
Berkeley, George
Philosophy -- Early works to 1800
Let us examine the manner wherein Words have contributed to the origin of
that mistake.—First then, it is thought that every name has, or ought to
have, one only precise and settled signification; which inclines men to
think there are certain abstract determinate ideas that constitute the
true and only immediate signification of each general name; and that it is
by the mediation of these abstract ideas that a general name comes to
signify any particular thing. Whereas, in truth, there is no such thing as
one precise and definite signification annexed to any general name, they
all signifying indifferently a great number of particular ideas. All which
does evidently follow from what has been already said, and will clearly
appear to any one by a little reflexion. To this it will be objected that
every name that has a definition is thereby restrained to one certain
signification. For example, a triangle is defined to be “a plain surface
comprehended by three right lines”; by which that name is limited to
denote one certain idea and no other. To which I answer, that in the
definition it is not said whether the surface be great or small, black or
white, nor whether the sides are long or short, equal or unequal, nor with
what angles they are inclined to each other; in all which there may be
great variety, and consequently there is no one settled idea which limits
the signification of the word triangle. It is one thing for to keep a name
constantly to the same _definition_, and another to make it stand
everywhere for the same _idea_(506): the one is necessary, the other
useless and impracticable.
19. But, to give a farther account how words came to produce the doctrine
of abstract ideas, it must be observed that it is a received opinion that
language has no other end but the communicating ideas, and that every
significant name stands for an idea. This being so, and it being withal
certain that names which yet are not thought altogether insignificant do
not always mark out particular conceivable ideas, it is straightway
concluded that they stand for abstract notions. That there are many names
in use amongst speculative men which do not always suggest to others
determinate, particular ideas, or in truth anything at all, is what nobody
will deny. And a little attention will discover that it is not necessary
(even in the strictest reasonings) that significant names which stand for
ideas should, every time they are used, excite in the understanding the
ideas they are made to stand for: in reading and discoursing, names being
for the most part used as letters are in Algebra, in which, though a
particular quantity be marked by each letter, yet to proceed right it is
not requisite that in every step each letter suggest to your thoughts that
particular quantity it was appointed to stand for(507).
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