[511] {431} Whether the wonderful statue which suggested this image be a laquearian gladiator, which, in spite of Winckelmann's criticism, has been stoutly maintained; or whether it be a Greek herald, as that great antiquary positively asserted;[§] or whether it is to be thought a Spartan or barbarian shieldbearer, according to the opinion of his Italian editor; it must assuredly seem _a copy_ of that masterpiece of Ctesilaus which represented "a wounded man dying, who perfectly expressed what there remained of life in him." Montfaucon and Maffei thought it the identical statue; but that statue was of bronze. The Gladiator was once in the Villa Ludovisi, and was bought by Clement XII. The right arm is an entire restoration of Michael Angelo. [There is no doubt that the statue of the "Dying Gladiator" represents a dying Gaul. It is to be compared with the once-named "Arria and Pætus" of the Villa Ludovisi, and with other sculptures in the museums of Venice, Naples, and Rome, representing "Gauls and Amazons lying fatally wounded, or still in the attitude of defending life to the last," which belong to the Pergamene school of the second century B.C. M. Collignon hazards a suggestion that the "Dying Gaul" is the trumpet-sounder of Epigonos, in which, says Pliny (_Hist. Nat._, xxxiv. 88), the sculptor surpassed all his previous works ("omnia fere prædicta imitatus præcessit in tubicine"); while Dr. H. S. Urlichs (see _The Elder Pliny's Chapters on the History of Art_, translated by K. Jex-Blake, with Commentary and Historical Illustrations, by E. Sellers, 1896, p. 74, note) falls back on Winckelmann's theory that the "statue ... may have been simply the votive-portrait of the winner in the contest of heralds, such as that of Archias of Hybla in Delphoi." (See, too, Helbig's _Guide to the Collection of Public Antiquities in Rome_, Engl. transl., 1895. i. 399; _History of Greek Sculpture_, by A. S. Murray, L.L.D., F.S.A., 1890, ii. 381-383.)] [§] Either Polyphontes, herald of Laïus, killed by Oedipus; or Kopreas, herald of Eurystheus, killed by the Athenians when he endeavoured to drag the Heraclidæ from the altar of mercy, and in whose honour they instituted annual games, continued to the time of Hadrian; or Anthemocritus, the Athenian herald, killed by the Megarenses, who never recovered the impiety. [See _Hist, of Ancient Art_, translated by G. H. Lodge, 1881, ii. 207.] [os] Leaning upon his hand, his mut[e] brow Yielding to death but conquering agony.--[MS. M. erased.] [ot] {432} _From the red gash fall bigly_----.--[MS. M.] [ou] _Like the last of a thunder-shower_----.--[MS. M.] [ov] _The earth swims round him_----.--[MS. M. erased.] [ow] {433} _Slaughtered to make a Roman holiday_.--[MS. M. erased.] [ox] _Was death and life_----.--[MS. M.] [oy] _My voice is much_----.--[MS. M. erased.] [oz] _Yet the colossal skeleton ye pass_.--[MS. M. erased.] [pa] {434} _The ivy-forest, which its walls doth wear_.--[MS. M. erased.]