PHARUS. A small island off the coast of Egypt, on which was a famous lighthouse, built by Ptolemy II. PHIDIAS. Famous Athenian sculptor, 490-432 B.C. The chryselephantine statue of Zeus at Olympia was his work. PHILIP OF MACEDON. King, 359-336 B.C. Raised Macedon from an insignificant State to the mistress of Greece, and made possible the conquests of his son Alexander by his organization. Used diplomacy as much as arms to effect his ends, and systematically bribed persons in the states opposed to him, especially in Athens. PHILIPPIDES. More usually called Phidippides. PHILO. The person to whom Lucian addresses _The Way to write History_ is unknown. PHILOCRATES. Prominent Athenian, probably in the pay of Philip, into whose hands he constantly played. PHILOCTETES. Armour-bearer of Heracles, inherited his bow. Left at Lemnos on the way to Troy, because a wound from a snake-bite rendered him offensive by its stench. Later, an oracle declaring the bow necessary for the capture of Troy, Odysseus went and induced him to come. PHILOSOPHY. Lucian is fond of ridiculing the different schools of philosophy, some for their paradoxical choice of ends, some for their hypocrisy in practically disregarding their own precepts. The regulation philosophic garb and appearance also comes in for satire; it consisted of threadbare cloak, wallet, and staff, with long beard. A brief account of the chief schools will be found under ACADEMY, CYNICS, CYRENAICS, PERIPATETICS, STOICS, EPICUREANS, SCEPTICS, PLATO, PYTHAGORAS. PHILOXENUS. A poet, who, for his severe criticism of a poem of Dionysius I, was imprisoned in the Syracusan quarries. The tyrant, having pardoned him and invited him to dinner, recited another poem he had composed. Asked his opinion of it, Philoxenus made no direct reply, but said, 'Take me back to the quarries.' PHINEUS. King of Bithynia, blinded by Zeus for unjustly blinding his own children; and _See_ HARPIES. PHLEGETHON. 'Burning,' one of the infernal rivers. PHOCION. Athenian statesman and general, died 318 B.C.; distinguished for virtue, moderation, and poverty. PHOEBUS. _See_ APOLLO. PHOENIX (1). Son of Amyntor king of Argos. Blinded by his father, fled to Peleus, was cured by Chiron of his blindness, and became tutor to Achilles. PHOENIX (2). An Indian bird which lived five hundred years and then cremated itself, another rising from its ashes. PHOLUS. _See_ HERACLES. PHRIXUS. _See_ ATHAMAS. PHRYGIANS. Troy being in Phrygia, 'Phrygians' is often used for 'Trojans.' PHRYNE. Famous Athenian courtesan, 328 B.C. PHRYNON. Athenian politician in the Macedonian interest, associated by Demosthenes especially with Philocrates. PIRAEUS. The port of Athens, about five miles off. PISA. The town in Elis, near which the Olympic games were held. PITCH-PLASTERS were employed by women and by effeminate men for removing the hair from the body.