The circle of this fallacy is very large; and herein may be comprised all Ironical mistakes, for intended expressions receiving inverted significations; all deductions from Metaphors, Parables, Allegories, unto real and rigid interpretations. [SN: _De hæresibus._] Whereby have risen not only popular Errors in Philosophy, but vulgar and senseless Heresies in Divinity; as will be evident unto any that shall examine their foundations, as they stand related by _Epiphanius_, _Austin_, or _Prateolus_. Other wayes there are of deceit; which consist not in false apprehension of Words, that is, Verbal expressions or sentential significations, but fraudulent deductions, or inconsequent illations, from a false conception of things. Of these extradictionary and real fallacies, _Aristotle_ and _Logicians_ make in number six, but we observe that men are most commonly deceived by four thereof: those are, _Petitio principii, A dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter, A non causa pro causa_; And, _fallacia consequentis_. The first is, _Petitio principii_. Which fallacy is committed, when a question is made a _medium_, or we assume a _medium_ as granted, whereof we remain as unsatisfied as of the question. Briefly, where that is assumed as a Principle to prove another thing, which is not conceded as true it self. By this fallacy was _Eve_ deceived, when she took for granted, a false assertion of the Devil; _Ye shall not surely die; for God doth know that in the day ye shall eat thereof, your eyes shall be opened, and you shall be as Gods_. Which was but a bare affirmation of Satan, without proof or probable inducement, contrary unto the command of God, and former belief of her self. And this was the Logick of the _Jews_ when they accused our _Saviour_ unto _Pilate_; who demanding a reasonable impeachment, or the allegation of some crime worthy of Condemnation; they only replied, _If he had not been worthy of Death, we would not have brought Him before thee_. Wherein there was neither accusation of the person, nor satisfaction of the Judge; who well understood, a bare accusation was not presumption of guilt, and the clamours of the people no accusation at all. The same Fallacy is sometime used in the dispute, between _Job_ and his friends; they often taking that for granted which afterward he disproveth.