609 Plutarch, _Pompeius_ 24. For a full description of the origin and spread of Mithraism see Cumont, _Textes et Monuments figurés relatifs aux mystères de Mithra_, 1896, 1899, _Les Mystères de Mithra_, 1902, and _Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain_, 1909 (English translation by G. Showerman, 1911). 610 On Julian’s triad cf. Naville, _Julien l’Apostat et la philosophie du polythéisme_, Paris, 1877. 611 _Concerning Isis and Osiris_ 46. 612 148 B. 613 Iliad 17. 447. 614 πω τότε Cobet, πώποτε MSS, Hertlein. 615 τοῦ Reiske, τὸ MSS, Hertlein. 616 ἡγοῦμαι Petavius, ἡγοῦμαι κοινότερον μὲν MSS, Hertlein. 617 Aristotle, _Physics_ 2. 2. 194 b; cf. 151 D. 618 σπείρων Hertlein suggests, σπείρειν MSS. 619 Plato, _Timaeus_ 42 D. 620 As opposed to the unreasoning soul, ἄλογος ψυχή, that is in animals other than man. Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus, and Porphyry allowed some form of soul to plants, but this was denied by Iamblichus, Julian, and Sallust. 621 He refers to his initiation into the cult of Mithras. 622 When he was still a professed Christian. 623 _i.e._ not only prophets and emperors but all men are related to Helios. 624 cf. _Oration_ 7. 237 C. 625 cf. 144 A, 149 C. 626 Rome. 627 At the beginning of January; cf. 156 C. 628 Julian distinguishes the visible sun from his archetype, the offspring of the Good. 629 _i.e._ the intelligible world, νοητός, comprehended only by pure reason; the intellectual, νοερός, endowed with intelligence; and thirdly the world of sense‐perception αἰσθητός. The first of these worlds the Neo‐Platonists took over from Plato, _Republic_ 508 foll.; the second was invented by Iamblichus. 630 ἀγέννητος Hertlein suggests, ἀγεννήτως MSS. 631 Pindar _fr._ 107, and Sophocles, _Antigone_ 100 ἀκτὶς ἀελίου. 632 Republic 508 B. 633 ἁλήθεια Hertlein suggests, ἀλήθεια MSS. 634 Though Aristotle did not use this phrase, it was his theory of a fifth element superior to the other four, called by him “aether” or “first element,” _De Coelo_ 1. 3 270 B, that suggested to Iamblichus the notion of a fifth substance or element; cf. _Theologumena Arithmeticae_ 35, 22 Ast, where he calls the fifth element “aether.” 635 After τοσούτων Hertlein suggests αἴτοις. 636 cf. 138 B. 637 Aristotle, _De Anima_ 418 A. 638 γε Hertlein suggests, τε MSS. 639 133 B. 640 Julian conceives of the sun in three ways; first as transcendental, in which form he is indistinguishable from the Good in the intelligible world, secondly as Helios‐Mithras, ruler of the intellectual gods, thirdly as the visible sun. 641 133 D‐134 A is a digression on the light of the sun. 642 _i.e._ the stars.