The Oxen of the period, if not identical with, were at least very near to our living species. There were three species: the _Bison priscus_, _B. primigenius_, and _B. Pallasii_; the first with slender legs, with convex frontal, broader than it was high, and differing but slightly from the _Aurochs_, except in being taller and by having larger horns. The remains of _Bison priscus_ are found in England, France, Italy, Germany, Russia, and America. _Bison primigenius_ was, according to Cuvier, the source of our domestic cattle. The _Bos Pallasii_ is found in America and in Siberia, and resembles in many respects the Musk-ox of Canada. Where these great Mammals are found we generally discover the fossil remains of several species of Deer. The palæontological question as regards these animals is very obscure, and it is often difficult to determine whether the remains belong to an extinct or an existing species. This doubt does not extend, however, to the gigantic forest-stag, _Cervus megaceros_, one of the most magnificent of the antediluvian animals, whose remains are still frequently found in Ireland in the neighbourhood of Dublin; more rarely in France, Germany, Poland, and Italy. Intermediate between the Fallow-deer and the Elk, the _Cervus megaceros_ partakes of the Elk in its general proportions and in the form of its cranium, but it approaches the Fallow-deer in its size and in the disposition of its horns. These magnificent appendages, however, while they decorated the head of the animal and gave a most imposing appearance to it, must have sadly impeded its progress through the thick and tangled forests of the ancient world. The length of these horns was between nine and ten feet; and they were so divergent that, measured from one extremity to the other, they occupied a space of between three and four yards. The skeleton of the _Cervus megaceros_ is found in the deposits of calcareous tufa, which underlie the immense peat moss of Ireland; sometimes in the turf itself, as near the Curragh in Kildare; in which position they sometimes occur in little mounds piled up in a small space, and nearly always in the same attitude, the head aloft, the neck stretched out, the horns reversed and thrown downwards towards the back, as if the animal, suddenly immersed into marshy ground, had been under the necessity of throwing up its head in search of respirable air. In the Geological Cabinet of the Sorbonne, at Paris, there is a magnificent skeleton of _Cervus megaceros_; another belongs to the College of Surgeons in London; and there is a third at Vienna. * * * * *