[Footnote 156: Gissing, the novelist, an acute observer of psychic states, in the most of his books, _The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft_, has described this phenomenon: 'Every one, I suppose, is subject to a trick of mind which often puzzles me. I am reading or thinking, and at a moment, without any association or suggestion that I can discover, there rises before me the vision of a place I know. Impossible to explain why that particular spot should show itself to my mind's eye; the cerebral impulse is so subtle that no search may trace its origin.' Gissing proceeds to say that a thought, a phrase, an odour, a touch, a posture of the body, may possibly have furnished the link of association, but he knows no evidence for this theory.] [Footnote 157: Extrospection has been specially studied by Vaschide and Vurpas in _La Logique Morbide_.] [Footnote 158: On the psychic importance of fears, see G. Stanley Hall, 'A Study of Fears,' _American Journal of Psychology_, 1897, p. 183. Metchnikoff (_Essais Optimistes_, pp. 247 _et seq._) insists on the mingled fear and strength of the anthropoid apes.] [Footnote 159: Foucault has pointed this out, and Morton Prince, and Giessler (who admits that the wish-dream is common in children), and Flournoy (who remarks that not only a fear but any emotion can be equally effective), as well as Claparède. The last remarks that Freud might regard a fear as a suppressed desire, but it may equally be said that a desire involves, on its reverse side, a fear. Freud has indeed himself pointed out (_e.g._ _Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische Forschungen_, Bd. 1., 1909, p. 362) that fears may be instinctively combined with wishes; he regards the association with a wish of an opposing fear as one of the components of some morbid psychic states. But he holds that the wish is the positive and fundamental element: 'The unconscious can only wish' ('Das Unbewusste kann nichts als wünschen'), a statement that seems somewhat too metaphysical for the psychologist.] [Footnote 160: Thus A. Wiggam ('A Contribution to the Data of Dream Psychology,' _Pedagogical Seminary_, June 1909) records a great many wish-dreams, mostly in the young.] [Footnote 161: Laud, _Works_, vol. iii. p. 144.] [Footnote 162: Havelock Ellis, _Studies in the Psychology of Sex_, vol. iii., 'Love and Pain.'] [Footnote 163: The dramatic element in dreaming was dealt with at length by Carl du Prel (_Philosophy of Mysticism_, vol. i. ch. iii.), but he threw little light on it.]