[Footnote 60: The ease with which musical sounds can be applied during sleep and the beneficial results on emotional tone have suggested their therapeutic use. Leonard Corning ('The Use of Musical Vibrations before and during Sleep,' _Medical Record_, 21st January 1899) is regarded as the pioneer in this field.] [Footnote 61: Ch. Ruths, _Experimental-Untersuchungen über Musikphantome_, 1898.] [Footnote 62: Dauriac, 'Des Images Suggérées par l'Audition Musicale,' _Revue Philosophique_, November 1902.] [Footnote 63: De Rochas has described and reproduced the gestures and dances of his hypnotised subject, Lina, under the influence of music. Ribot (_L'Imagination Créatrice_, pp. 177 _et seq._, 291 _et seq._) has discussed the imagery suggested by music and points out that it is most pronounced in non-musical subjects. Fatigue and over-excitement are predisposing conditions in the production of this imagery, as is shown by MacDougall (_Psychological Review_, September 1898) in his own experience.] [Footnote 64: One is tempted to think that this lightning may have been a symbolistic transformation of lancinating neuralgic pains, magnified, as sensations are apt to be, in sleep.] [Footnote 65: In some experiments by Prof. W. S. Monroe on twenty women students at Westfield Normal School a crushed clove was placed on the tongue for ten successive nights on going to bed. Of 254 dreams reported as following there were seventeen taste dreams and eight smell dreams, and three of these dreams actually involved cloves. The clove also influenced dreams of other classes; thus, as a result of the burning sensation in the mouth, one dreamer imagined that the house was on fire (W. S. Monroe, 'A Study of Taste Dreams,' _American Journal of Psychology_, January 1899). It has indeed been found, by Meunier, specially easy to apply olfactory stimuli during sleep and so improve the emotional tone (R. Meunier, 'A Propos d'onirothérapie,' _Archives de Neurologie_, March 1910). Meunier found that in his own case tuberose always called out agreeable dreams full of detail, though in another subject the dreams were always unpleasant. In hysterical subjects essence of geranium provoked various agreeable dreams followed by a pleasant emotional tone during the following day.] [Footnote 66: Titchener ('Taste Dreams,' _American Journal of Psychology_, January 1895) records taste dreams by auto-suggestion, and Ribot (_Psychology of the Emotions_, p. 142) thinks there can be no doubt dreams of both taste and smell can occur without objective source.]