"The whole perspective of the Catalogue," he says, "is entirely different from that of the _Iliad_." Heroes, as Niese remarks, appear in the _Iliad_ who do nothing in that poem; but play their parts "in other portions of the Epic Cycle." The conclusion is that "the Catalogue originally formed an introduction to the whole cycle, and was composed for that portion of it which, as worked up into a separate poem, was called the _Cypria_, and relates the beginning of the tale of Troy, and the mustering of the fleet at Aulis."[4] This contains much debatable matter. What the cycle was before it was "worked up into" separate poems, or whether such a nebulous cycle existed at all, we know not. I must refer the reader to Mr. Allen's essay on the whole subject, which is too condensed to be summarised in briefer space.[5] "The Catalogue was taken by Homer from its time and place in saga to his second Book and to the Troad." I do not quite understand how a long passage in hexameters could be taken from "saga." Mr. Allen's critical remarks on prehistoric Greek topography and territorial divisions, are most valuable; and so is his account of the Dorian and other pretensions which wrought confusion in topographical designations. He has proved, I think, that the Catalogue is a very archaic document, which no later persons were interested in inventing, or would have been able to invent. Beyond that I am unable to go, and we must await the results of excavation on prehistoric sites in Greece. Our information as to the _Cypria_ credits it with no Catalogue of the Achaean ships and men; but it is easy to reply that our accounts are wrong, that the authors spoke of a _Cypria_ made up after the Catalogue was placed in the _Iliad_. [1] Leaf, _Iliad_, vol. i. pp. 465, 466. [2] Leaf, Note to _Iliad_, xi. 756; _Iliad_, ii. 615, 617. [3] Bérard, _Les Phéniciens et l'Odyssée_, pp. 108-113. [4] Leaf, vol. i. p. 86. [5] _Classical Quarterly_, April 1909. APPENDIX B The argument of my book is that the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_ represent the usages and ideas of a prehistoric society. They are not the ideas and usages of proto-historic and historic Hellas, but of the Achaean invaders, or, at least, of the high-born men and women to whom Homer sang. On the other hand, Mr. Murray, if I succeed in understanding his position, holds that the ideas and usages of the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_ are a kind of mosaic, the result of a long process of "expurgation of Homer." If this view be correct, my whole argument, of course, is builded on the sand. Homer does not represent the ethical and religious beliefs and usages of a moment in the past.