Apologetics -- History -- Early church, ca. 30-600; Celsus (Platonic philosopher), active 180; Theology -- History -- Early Church, ca. 30-600
3. It is to be borne in mind, however, that certain beings who fell away
from that one beginning of which we have spoken, have sunk to such a
depth of unworthiness and wickedness as to be deemed altogether
undeserving of that training and instruction by which the human race,
while in the flesh, are trained and instructed with the assistance of
the heavenly powers; and continue, on the contrary, in a state of enmity
and opposition to those who are receiving this instruction and teaching.
And hence it is that the whole of this mortal life is full of struggles
and trials, caused by the opposition and enmity of those who fell from a
better condition without at all looking back, and who are called the
devil and his angels, and the other orders of evil, which the apostle
classed among the opposing powers. But whether any of these orders who
act under the government of the devil, and obey his wicked commands,
will in a future world be converted to righteousness because of their
possessing the faculty of freedom of will, or whether persistent and
inveterate wickedness may be changed by the power of habit into nature,
is a result which you yourself, reader, may approve of, if neither in
these present worlds which are seen and temporal, nor in those which are
unseen and are eternal, that portion is to differ wholly from the final
unity and fitness of things. But in the meantime, both in those temporal
worlds which are seen, as well as in those eternal worlds which are
invisible, all those beings are arranged, according to a regular plan,
in the order and degree of their merits; so that some of them in the
first, others in the second, some even in the last times, after having
undergone heavier and severer punishments, endured for a lengthened
period, and for many ages, so to speak, improved by this stern method of
training, and restored at first by the instruction of the angels, and
subsequently by the powers of a higher grade, and thus advancing through
each stage to a better condition, reach even to that which is invisible
and eternal, having travelled through, by a kind of training, every
single office of the heavenly powers. From which, I think, this will
appear to follow as an inference, that every rational nature may, in
passing from one order to another, go through each to all, and advance
from all to each, while made the subject of various degrees of
proficiency and failure according to its own actions and endeavours, put
forth in the enjoyment of its power of freedom of will.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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