Apologetics -- History -- Early church, ca. 30-600; Celsus (Platonic philosopher), active 180; Theology -- History -- Early Church, ca. 30-600
But as in the words which I quoted from Celsus, which are a paraphrase
from the _Timœus_, certain expressions occur, such as, “God made nothing
mortal, but immortal things alone, while mortal things are the works of
others, and the soul is a work of God, but the nature of the body is
different, and there is no difference between the body of a man and that
of a bat, or of a worm, or of a frog; for the matter is the same, and
their corruptible part alike,”—let us discuss these points for a little;
and let us show that Celsus either does not disclose his Epicurean
opinions, or, as might be said by one person, has exchanged them for
better, or, as another might say, has nothing in common save the name,
with Celsus, the Epicurean. For he ought, in giving expression to such
opinions, and in proposing to contradict not only us, but the by no
means obscure sect of philosophers who are the adherents of Zeno of
Citium, to have proved that the bodies of animals are not the work of
God, and that the great skill displayed in their construction did not
proceed from the highest intelligence. And he ought also, with regard to
the countless diversities of plants, which are regulated by an inherent,
incomprehensible nature,[709] and which have been created for the by no
means despicable[710] use of man in general, and of the animals which
minister to man, whatever other reasons may be adduced for their
existence,[711] not only to have stated his opinion, but also to have
shown us that it was no perfect intelligence which impressed these
qualities upon the matter of plants. And when he had once represented
[various] divinities as the creators of all the bodies, the soul alone
being the work of God, why did not he, who separated these great acts of
creation, and apportioned them among a plurality of creators, next
demonstrate by some convincing reason the existence of these diversities
among divinities, some of which construct the bodies of men, and
others—those, say, of beasts of burden, and others—those of wild
animals? And he who saw that some divinities were the creators of
dragons, and of asps, and of basilisks, and others of each plant and
herb according to its species, ought to have explained the causes of
these diversities. For probably, had he given himself carefully to the
investigation of each particular point, he would either have observed
that it was one God who was the creator of all, and who made each thing
with a certain object and for a certain reason; or if he had failed to
observe this, he would have discovered the answer which he ought to
return to those who assert that corruptibility is a thing indifferent in
its nature; and that there was no absurdity in a world which consists of
diverse materials, being formed by one architect, who constructed the
different kinds of things so as to secure the good of the whole. Or,
finally, he ought to have expressed no opinion at all on so important a
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