6. Jeffrey Broughton ("Kuei-feng Tsung-mi," p. 27) points out that Ma- tsu's master's technique for achieving "no-mind" was to chant a phrase until running out of breath, at which time the activities of the mind would seem to terminate--a reaction the more skeptical might call physiological. Breath control and breath exercises, it will be recalled, have always figured largely in Indian meditative practices. 7. Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 148. The discussion of Ma-tsu in this volume supplied valuable background for the analysis provided here. 8. Hu Shih, "Development of Zen Buddhism in China," p. 498. 9. Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 130. 10. Ibid., p. 149. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. There are many translations of the Mumonkan. One of the more recent and scholarly is by Zenkai Shibayama, Zen Comments on the Mumonkan (New York: New American Library, 1975). 14. Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 150. 15. Wu, Golden Age of Zen, p. 95. 16. The most recent and the most detailed translation of the Blue Cliff Record is by Thomas and J. C. Cleary, The Blue CI iff Record, 3 vols. (Berkeley, Calif.: Shambhala, 1977). 17. Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 151. 18. Ibid., p.151. 19. This story is recounted in Wu, Golden Age of Zen, p. 100. 20. Ibid., p. 102. 21. Recounted in Ibid., p. 102. 22. See Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'ari Buddhism, pp. 150-52. 23. Ibid., p. 150. 24. See Luk, Transmission of the Mind Outside the Teaching, p. 46. 25. 7. HUAI-HAI: FATHER OF MONASTIC CH'AN 1. This location is given by John Blofeld in The Zen Teaching of Hui-Hai on Sudden Illumination (London: Ryder & Co., 1962; paperback reprint, New York: Weiser, 1972), p. 29. Charles Luk (Transmission of the Mind Outside the Teaching, p. 50) says: "Huai-hai, the Dharma-successor of Ma Tsu, was also called Pai Chang [Po Ch'ang] after the mountain where he stayed at Hung Chou (now Nanchang, capital of Kiangsi province). Pai Chang means: Pai, one hundred, and Chang, a measure of ten feet, i.e., One-thousand-foot mountain." However, Luk identifies the birthplace of Huai-hai as Chang Lo in modern Fukien province, as does Chou Hsiang- kuang in _Dhyana_ Buddhism in China. 2. This story is repeated in various places, including Wu, Golden Age of Zen; and Blofeld, Zen Teaching of Hui Hai on Sudden Illumination. This latter reference is as part of a document known as the Tsung-ching Record, being a recorded dialogue of the master taken down by a monk named Tsung-ching, who was a contemporary of Huai-hai. 3. This story is Case 53 of the Hekiganroku or Blue Cliff Record, a Sung Dynasty period collection of Ch'an stories and their interpretation. The best current translation is probably in Cleary and Cleary, Blue Cliff Record, Vol. 2, p. 357. 4. See Luk, Transmission of the Mind Outside the Teaching, p. 46.