26. Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 99. 27. Dumoulin, Development of Chinese Zen, p. 22. 28. Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 99. 29. Dumoulin, Development of Chinese Zen, p. 23. 30. See Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings ofCh'an Buddhism, p. 95. 31. Sasaki, Recorded Sayings o/Lin-chi, pp. 27-28. 32. See Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 95. 33. Heinrich Dumoulin (Development of Chinese Zen, p. 22) notes that this is merely playing off the well-known "four propositions" of Ind ian Buddhist logic: existence, nonexistence, both existence and nonexistence, and neither existence nor nonexistence. 34. Wu, Golden Age of Zen, p. 202. 35. Ibid., p. 203. 36. Sasaki, Recorded Sayings of Lin-chi. p. 29. 37. Ibid., p. 24. 38. Ibid., p. 38. 39. 12. TUNG-SHAN AND TSAO-SHAN: FOUNDERS OF SOTO ZEN 1. Philip Yampolsky, in Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch, alleges that Hsing-ssu was resurrected from anonymity because Shih-t'ou (700- 90) was in need of a connection to the Sixth Patriarch. The mysterious master Hsing-ssu comes into prominence well over a hundred years after his death; his actual life was not chronicled by any of his contemporaries. Neither, for that matter, was the life of his pupil Shih-t'ou, although the latter left a heritage of disciples and a burgeoning movement to perpetuate his memory. 2. Ibid., p. 55. 3. The stories attached to Shih-t'ou are varied and questioned by most authorities. For example, there is the story that he was enlightened by reading Seng-chau's Chao-Jun (The Book of Chao) but that his philosophy came from Lao Tzu. 4. See Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 58. 5. Wu, Golden Age of Zen, p. 171. 6. Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 58. 7. Ibid., p. 60. 8. Ibid., pp. 61-62. 9. Ibid., pp. 64-65. 10. Ibid., p. 76. 11. This is elaborated by Luk, Ch'an and Zen Teaching, Second Series, p. 166. 12. Ibid., p. 174. 13. Extended discussions of this concept are provided by Chang Chung- yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, pp. 41-57; and by Wu, Golden Age of Zen, pp. 177-82. 14. Wu, Golden Age of Zen, p. 179. 15. See Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 49. 16. See Luk, Chan and Zen Teaching, Second Series, p. 139. 17. See Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 50. 18. Ibid., p. 69. 19. When R. H. Blyth translates this poem in Zen and Zen Classics, Vol. 2, called the Hokyozammai in Japanese, he includes a grand dose of skepticism concerning its real authorship, since he believes the poem unworthy of the master (p. 152). 20. Ibid., p. 157. 21. See Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 48. 22. Ibid., p. 70. 23. Ibid., p. 71. 24. Ibid., p. 72. 25. Dumoulin, Development of Chinese Zen, p. 26. 30. Eliot, Japanese Buddhism, p. 168. 31. 13. KUEI-SHAN, YUN-MEN, AND FA-YEN: THREE MINOR HOUSES