The theory of the earth which I would here illustrate is founded upon the greatest catastrophes which can happen to the earth, that is, in being raised from the bottom of the sea, and elevated to the summits of a continent, and in being again sunk from its elevated station to be buried under that mass of water from whence it had originally come. But the changes which we are now investigating have no farther relation to those great catastrophes, except in so far as these great operations of the globe have put the solid land in such a situation as to be affected by the atmospheric influences and operations of the surface. The water from the atmosphere, collected upon the surface of the earth, forms channels to itself in running towards the sea or lower ground; and it is these channels, increasing in their size as they are diminished in number by the uniting of their waters, that give so clear a prospect of the operations of time past, and prove the theory of the land being in a continual state of decay, and necessarily wasted for the purpose of this world. Every description, therefore, of a river and its valleys, from its sources in the mountains to its mouth where it delivers those waters to the sea, is interesting to the present theory, which is the generalization of those facts by which the end or intention of nature is to be observed. M. Reboul, in a Memoir read to the Academy of Sciences at Paris in 1788, has given a very distinct view of the _Vallée du Gave Béarnois dans les Pyrénées_; there are many things interesting in this memoir; and I shall now endeavour to avail myself of it. «Le torrent qui porte le nom de Gave de Pau parcourt depuis sa source près des limites de l'Espagne, jusqu'à la petite ville de Lourde, une vallée qui se dirige du sud au nord sur une longueur d'environ dix lieues. Cet espace, qui forme son lit dans l'intérieur des Pyrénées, ressemble moins à une vallée dans la majeure partie de son étendue, qu'à une entaille étroite et profonde, dont les flancs sont souvent coupés à pic d'une hauteur effrayante, et dont le fond est toujours couvert d'une eau écumeuse. Cette long coupure se termine, ainsi que plusieurs de ses branches, aux sommets les plus élevés des Pyrénées, et elle reçoit les eaux qui distillent sans cesse de leur neiges durcies. Sa division géographique est en deux vallées, dont l'une plus voisine de la plain est appelée Lavedan, et dont l'autre ne fait que partie de la contrée qui porte le nom de Barèges.» From the summit of that ridge of mountains which run from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean, the vallies of the principal rivers run from the south northward towards the plain of France; from this again they turn westward in order to find their way to the sea. The mountains, which then separate these rivers from the plain, are composed of schistus and great collections of water-worn gravel which had come from the mountains of the Pyrénées.