[105] R. Boyle, _Usefulness of Natural Philosophy_, Works II, p. 156. [106] E. Berdoe, _The Origin and Growth of the Healing Art_, pp. 257 and 259. [107] _Ibid._, pp. 251 f and 254. [108] _Anatomie of the Elder_, p. 52. [109] J. Brand, _Popular Antiquities_, III, p. 231. [110] _Gentleman's Magazine_, 1794, p. 889. [111] _London Medical and Physical Journal_, 1815. [112] _Book of Notable Things_, p. 92. [113] E. Berdoe, _Origin and Growth of the Healing Art_, pp. 253 f and 256. [114] _Illustrations of Shakespeare_, I, p. 493. [115] E. A. King, "Medieval Medicine," _Nineteenth Century_, XXXIV, p. 147. [116] R. Burton, _Anatomy of Melancholy_, pt. II, sec. V. [117] T. J. Pettigrew, _Superstitions Connected with ... Surgery and Medicine_, p. 91. [118] _Ibid._, p. 79. [119] J. Brand, _Popular Antiquities_, III, p. 256. [120] _Ibid._, III, p. 238. [121] E. A. King, "Medieval Medicine," _Nineteenth Century_, XXXIV, p. 148. CHAPTER VIII CHARMS "With the charmes that she saide, A fire down fro' the sky alight."--GOWER. "She drew a splinter from the wound, And with a charm she staunch'd the blood."--SCOTT. "Thrice on my breast I spit to guard me safe From fascinating Charms."--THEOCRITUS. "Mennes fortunes she can tell; She can by sayenge her Ave Marye, And by other Charmes of Sorcerye, Ease men of the Toth ake by and bye Yea, and fatche the Devyll from Hell."--BALE. "I clawed her by the backe in way of a charme, To do me not the more good, but the less harme."--HEYWOOD. Charms, as already noticed, are not unlike amulets in significance and similarity of power. The amulet must consist of some material substance so as to be suspended when employed, but the charm may be a word, gesture, look, or condition, as well as a material substance, and does not need to be attached to the body. The word "charm" is derived from the Latin word "carmen," signifying a verse in which the charms were sometimes written, examples of which will be given later. The medical term "carminative," a comforting medicine, really means a charm medicine, and has the same derivation. A charm has been defined as "a form of words or letters, repeated or written, whereby strange things are pretended to be done, beyond the ordinary power of nature." It can be seen, though, that this definition is not sufficiently comprehensive.