[81] For a discussion on the doctrine of signatures see T. J. Pettigrew, _Superstitions_, etc., pp. 33 f.; E. Berdoe, _Origin and Growth of the Healing Art_, pp. 327 and 416 f.; A. D. White, _History of the Warfare of Science with Theology_, II, pp. 38 f.; Eccles, _Evolution of Medical Science_, pp. 140 f. [82] J. Brand, _Popular Antiquities_, III, p. 153. In references to this work, the edition used was that edited by W. Carew Hazlitt. [83] _The Loseley Manuscripts_, pp. 263 f., quoted by Berdoe. [84] Bede, _Ecclesiastical History_, bk. V, chap. III. [85] G. F. Fort, _History of Medical Economy During the Middle Ages_, p. 299. [86] W. A. Hammond, _Spiritualism and Nervous Derangement_, p. 175. [87] Sir Kenelm Digby, _A late discovery made in solemne assembly of nobles and learned men, at Montpellier, in France, touching the cure of wounds, by the Powder of Sympathy_, etc. [88] I am indebted to T. J. Pettigrew, _Superstitions Connected with the History and Practice of Surgery and Medicine_, pp. 201-213; C. Mackay, _Extraordinary Popular Delusions_, pp. 266-268; W. A. Hammond, _Spiritualism and Nervous Derangement_, pp. 170-176; for the material on the subject of sympathetic cures. CHAPTER VII AMULETS "He loved and was beloved; what more could he desire as an amulet against fear?"--BULWER-LYTTON. "Such medicines are to be exploded that consist of words, characters, spells, and charms, which can do no good at all, but out of a strong conceit, as Pomponatius proves; or the Devil's policy, who is the first founder and teacher of them."--BURTON. "Old wives and starres are his councellors; his nightspell is his guard, and charms his physician. He wears Paracelsian characters for the toothache; and a little hallowed wax is his antidote for all evils."--BISHOP HALL. "Neither doth Fansie only cause, but also as easily cure Diseases; as I may justly refer all magical and jugling Cures thereunto, performed, as is thought, by Saints, Images, Relicts, Holy-Waters, Shrines, Avemarys, Crucifixes, Benedictions, Charms, Characters, Sigils of the Planets and of Signs, inverted Words, &c., and therefore all such Cures are rather to be ascribed to the Force of the Imagination, than any virtue in them, or their Rings, Amulets, Lamens, &c."--RAMESEY. Attention has already been called to the fact that the characteristic of the amulet is that it must be worn about the person, while the talisman may simply be in possession of a person wherever it may be, or deposited at a certain place by or for the person. The Arabic equivalent of the word Amulet means "that which is suspended."