The conscientious manufacturer uses Persian hookah tobacco (tumbeki) and the fragments of country tobacco-leaf coloured with black ink. These tobaccos, ground as fine as possible and mixed with grape molasses, are put in a covered barrel to ferment. Two or three days later the snuff is taken out and spread in the sun to dry partly, and then rubbed with the hands and passed through iron wire sieves to be granulated. The product is afterwards scented with powdered orris root, tonka beans, and geranium oil; the superior qualities are scented with essences of roses and jessamine and put up in packages. The adulterated article is manufactured in the same manner with the addition of the above-named substances. The only persons using genuine snuff in this city are the Catholic priests, who import it directly from France, Italy, Spain and Holland, and enjoy the privilege of paying no custom-house duties. CHAPTER VIII. IMPORTS, DUTIES, VALUES, AND CONSUMPTION. A comparison of the taxation of the chief nations of the world for the consumption of tobacco has been published in the _Imperial Statistics of Germany_. Of the countries where the sale is a Government monopoly, France last year stood first, the gross duty, with profits, amounting to 7_s._ 1½_d._ per head of the population annually, the net revenue from the article being 5_s._ 8¼_d._ per head. In Austria the gross was 5_s._ 5¾_d._, the net, 3_s._ 5_d._; in Hungary, the gross 3_s._ 3½_d._, the net 1_s._ 7_d._; in Italy, the gross 3_s._ 11_d._, and the net 2_s._ 8¼_d._ In Great Britain, the duty and licenses brought in 4_s._ 10¾_d._ per head of the population for the year, and in the United States 4_s._ 4½_d._ In Germany, on the other hand, where the duty was very light, the average was no more than 7¾_d._ per head of the population. The duties on unmanufactured tobacco are 3_s._ 6_d._ a lb. when it contains 10 per cent. or more of moisture; 3_s._ 10_d._ a lb. when it contains less than 10 per cent. of moisture. Snuff containing no more than 13 per cent. of moisture, 4_s._ 10_d._ a lb.; 13 per cent. and upwards, 4_s._ 1_d._ a lb. Cigars pay 5_s._ 6_d._ a lb. Cavendish of foreign manufacture pays 4_s._ 10_d._ a lb.; that manufactured in bond, 4_s._ 4_d._ Other sorts, including cigarettes, pay 4_s._ 4_d._ a lb.