The front and back weights are of lead, heart-shaped, and weigh about 40 lbs. each. _Boots._--The boots are made of stout leather, with leaden soles, and are secured over the instep by a couple of buckles and straps. Each boot should weigh at least 20 lbs. _Crinoline._--The crinoline or shackle is used for deep water; it is placed round the body and tied in the front of the stomach: being supported by braces, it affords protection to the stomach, and enables the diver to breathe more freely. _Ladder._--An iron ladder should be provided with stays to bear against the side of the boat from which the diving is carried on, to which may be attached (if working in deep water) an ordinary rope ladder, with ash rounds, and weighted at the end. Some divers have the ladder only 20 feet long, to the last round a rope with a weight attached, which rests on the ground; by that means they descend. _Directions for using the Apparatus._--The ladder having been fixed, the position of the pump should be decided on, and it should be securely lashed by means of the ropes attached to the handles down to a stage, into which the _screw-eyes_ should be fastened if necessary; the pump should be placed out of the way of the divers, the men attending on them, and all the men employed. The best position for the pump is facing the head of the ladder, and about six feet from it. While the diver is dressing, the pump should be prepared for use, the winch handles should be taken out of the pump case, the nipples protecting the crank axles removed, the nuts being replaced on their screws. The nuts for the ends of the crank axles are taken off, the fly-wheel placed on the shaft, and the winch handles put on, and secured by the nuts, which are screwed home with the spanner. The pump is always worked in its case. The flaps covering the pressure gauges and that at the back of the pump case should be opened, the screw on the overflowing nozzle of the cistern removed, and the cistern filled with water; the caps of the air delivery pipes should be removed, the necessary lengths of air-pipe should be put together carefully with washers in place, and all the screws must be worked home by means of the _two_ double-ended spanners. The air-pipes should be tested by holding the palm of the hand to the end of the pipe, till the pressure shown on the pressure gauge is considerably above that corresponding to the depth the diver is to descend.