[80] R. Kleinpaul: _The Living and the Dead in Folklore, Religion and Myth_, 1898. [81] _l.c._, p. 426. [82] Cf. Chap. III. [83] Freud, _The Interpretation of Dreams_. [84] Freud, _The Interpretation of Dreams_. [85] The projection creations of primitive man resemble the personifications through which the poet projects his warring impulses out of himself, as separated individuals. [86] _Myth and Religion_, p. 129. [87] In the psychoanalysis of neurotic persons who suffer, or have suffered, in their childhood from the fear of ghosts, it is often not difficult to expose these ghosts as the parents. Compare also in this connection the communication of P. Haeberlin, _Sexual Ghosts_ (_Sexual Problems_, Feb. 1912), where it is a question of another erotically accentuated person, but where the father was dead. [88] Compare my article on Abel’s _Gegensinn der Urworte_ in the _Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische und Psychopathologische Forschungen_, Bd. II, 1910. [89] It is an interesting parallel that the sense of guilt resulting from the violation of a taboo is in no way diminished if the violation took place unwittingly (see examples above), and that even in the Greek myth the guilt of Oedipus is not cancelled by the fact that it was incurred without his knowledge and will and even against them. [90] The necessary crowding of the material also compels us to dispense with a thorough bibliography. Instead of this the reader is referred to the well-known works of Herbert Spencer, J. G. Frazer, A. Lang, E. B. Tylor and W. Wundt, from which all the statements concerning animism and magic are taken. The independence of the author can manifest itself only in the choice of the material and of opinions. [91] E. B. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, Vol. I, p. 425, fourth ed., 1903. W. Wundt, _Myth and Religion_, Vol. II, p. 173, 1906. [92] Wundt _l.c._, Chapter IV: _Die Seelenvorstellungen_. [93] Compare, besides Wundt and H. Spencer and the instructive article in the _Encyclopedia Britannica_, 1911 (_Animism, Mythology_, and so forth). [94] _l.c._, p. 154. [95] See Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, Vol. I, p. 477. [96] _Cultes, Mythes et Religions_, T. II: _Introduction_, p. XV, 1909. [97] _Année Sociologique_, Seventh Vol, 1904. [98] To frighten away a ghost with noise and cries is a form of pure sorcery; to force him to do something by taking his name is to employ magic against him. [99] _The Magic Art_, II. p. 67. [100] The Biblical prohibition against making an image of anything living hardly sprang from any fundamental rejection of plastic art, but was probably meant to deprive magic, which the Hebraic religion proscribed, of one of its instruments. Frazer, _l.c._, p. 87, note. [101] _The Magic Art_, II, p. 98. [102] An echo of this is to be found in the _Oedipus Rex_ of Sophocles. [103] _The Magic Art_, p. 120. [104] _l.c._, p. 122. [105] See preceding chapter, p. 92. [106] Frazer, _The Magic Art_, pp. 201-3. [107] _The Magic Art_, p. 420.