In a dislocation besides the ligaments being torn the bone is out of place at a joint causing the affected limb to be shorter or longer than its mate. Study how the bone slipped from its socket, for you must reverse the movements occurring at the time of accident in order to reduce the dislocation. A fracture is a severe malady because a condition of shock is usually present. The affected part is painful, the contour of limb is changed, a grating (crepitation) is felt and heard when the broken ends are rubbed together. The ends are often, by muscular action, drawn out of position so that they overlap. Overcome this muscle tension by steady pulling of the two broken parts in opposite directions until the ends meet in proper relation to one another (this is imperative). Hold them in place by laying splints of bark or sticks entirely around the break (interposing padding of soft material next the skin) and bandage all in place. If the parts are swelled apply cold water. Healing requires weeks for a good result. A rather heroic measure was resorted to by Chas. F. Loomis on his long hike from Ohio to California. Having fractured his right arm so badly that the bone protruded (a “compound” fracture) and being alone in a desert he gave his canteen strap two flat turns about the wrist, buckled it around a cedar tree, mounted a nearby rock, set his heels on the edge and threw himself backward. He fainted but the bone was set. Then he rigged up splints and walked 52 miles before tasting food, then finished the 700 mile tramp to Los Angeles with his broken arm in a bandanna. Those few hardy pedestrians who may venture to indulge in winter walks are subject to having the extremities freeze although if they understand the essentials of keeping warm in winter they may avert such troubles. The effects of heat and cold are about the same; they both cause a loss of blood to the tissues which when thus deprived of heat and nourishment are on the way to mortification. The object of treatment is to restore circulation, gradually. Use cold baths in a cold room then gradually warming same up to the temperature of the body. Wrap the frozen limb up well with wet cloths for the first few days. Drowning. A strenuous effort should be made to restore breathing in the apparently drowned and so do not consider your attempt as futile until you have thoroughly employed the method suggested below for two hours. You first (a) Get the water out of the patient’s lungs by loosening all his clothes, laying him on his stomach and turn his face to one side. Now standing astride of his hips grasp him about the waist and raise the hips so that the head and feet touch the ground in order that the water may gravitate out of the lungs. (b) Again laying the patient on his stomach, head turned aside and with his arms extended above his head he is given artificial respiration after the so-called Schaefer or prone method as follows: