they encroached directly upon the vital interests of one or more of its members. Such an encroachment it would presumably treat as an attack upon the League, and would afford the injured member such power of redress as was deemed desirable by the representatives of the Powers forming the League. Before entering upon the fuller consideration of the practicability of a League of Nations formed upon these lines, it may be well to set forth in a brief, formal manner the nature of the chief implications which appear to be contained in the proposal. We shall then be in a position to examine seriatim the various steps which the advocates of this method of securing world-peace and disarmament desire to take, and the many difficulties which are involved. [Sidenote: What the joint Powers would undertake.] The signatory Powers to the Treaty or Agreement establishing such a League of Peace would undertake: (1) To submit to arbitration or conciliation all disputes or differences between them not capable of settlement by ordinary processes of diplomacy, and to accept and carry out any award or terms of settlement thus attained. (2) To bring joint pressure, diplomatic, economic, or forcible, to bear upon any member refusing to submit a disputed matter to such modes of peaceable settlement, or to accept and carry out the award, or otherwise threatening or opening hostilities against any other member. (3) To take joint action in repelling any attack made by an outside Power, or group of Powers, upon any of the members of the League. (4) To take joint action in securing the redress of any injury which, by the general assent of the signatory Powers, had been wrongfully inflicted upon any member of the League. _J. A. Hobson, “Towards International Government,” pp. 5-27._ EXISTING ALLIANCES AND A LEAGUE OF PEACE [Sidenote: Already the League of Peace is evolving.]