_Canals_. These in Khiva are of two sorts--(_a_) Arna, those formed by the river itself, which have from time to time been merely widened and deepened by the {340} inhabitants; (_b_) Yap, canals dug to a width of one or two fathoms, for the most part fed from the Arna. With these the whole of the land that is under cultivation is covered, as with a net. Amongst the Arna deserve particular mention-- 1. Hazreti Pehlivan Arnasi, which, breaks in between Fitnek and Hezaresp, passes before Khiva, and is lost in the sand after having flowed through Zey and the district of the Yomuts. 2. Gazavat Arnasi forms a break between Khanka and Yenghi Ürgendj, passes also to the west before Gazavat, and loses itself in the territory of the Yomuts. 3. Shahbad Arnasi has its beginning above Yenghi Ürgendj, passes by Shabad Tash-haus and Yillali, and disappears at Köktcheg. 4. Yarmish Arnasi breaks in opposite Shahbaz Veli, and flows through the districts between Kiat Kungrat and Yenghi Ürgendj. 5. Kilitchbay Arnasi separates Khitai and Görlen, goes by Yillali, and disappears in the sand behind Köktcheg. 6. Khodjaili Arnasi. On the further bank are-- 7. Shurakhan Arnasi, which commences from the place of the same name, and disappears to the northeast, after having watered Yapkenary and Akkamish. 8. Iltazar Khan Arnasi, which traverses the land of the Karakalpak. _Divisions_. The political divisions of Khiva correspond with the number of those cities having particular Bay, or governors, this entitling them to the name of separate districts. At this present moment the following {341} {342} divisions subsist, of which the most interesting are Khiva, the capital, Yenghi Ürghendj, the most manufacturing, Köhne Ürgendj, famous for having long been the capital of the Khanat, but now only a miserable village. There only remain of its former splendour (_a_) two ruins of towers, one more considerable, the other smaller, designed in the same massive style as the other towers in Central Asia. The legend recounts that these owe their demolition to the fury of the Calmucks, because at a distance they seemed to be near, yet fly before the approaching assailants; (_b_) the Dome of the Törebegkhan, inlaid with tastefully enamelled bricks; (_c_) Mazlum Khan Solugu. _Principal Towns or Divisions, with the Villages belonging to them, and their distance from the Oxus_. Name Distance from Oxus Villages Tash or mile 1. Khiva 6 _To the West:_Bedrkhan, Kinik, Akyap, Khasian, Tashayak, Töyesitchti. _To the South:_ Sirtcheli, Shikhlar, Rafenek Engérik, Pesckenik, Pernakaz Akmesdjid. _To the East:_ Sayat, Kiat, Shikhbaghi, Kettebag.