The vegetation on the Sierra de Cajanuma is of a semi-arborescent character, but some of the higher summits are bare. In the bottoms of the ravines grow a species of _Alnus_, _Melastomæ_, _Peperomias_, palms, and two species of tree ferns; and on the slopes throughout the low-lying country, barley, maize, peas, and potatoes are cultivated. Mr. Cross sent home a large collection of dried specimens of plants gathered on the Sierra de Cajanuma. Among them I observed a _Befaria_ with pretty crimson flowers, of which he says that one ounce of the roots in two pints of water is taken twice a day by the Indians for dysentery; a very handsome purple lupin, growing six to eight feet high; an _Embothrium_, a wide-spreading shrub, growing in dry situations; another smaller _Befaria_, a beautiful shrub, growing in very lofty dry localities; a _Veronica_, a shrub six to eight feet high, with a blue flower; a _Gaultheria_; a wide-spreading _melastomaceous_ plant, with inconspicuous flowers; and a number of _Lycopodia_ and ferns. [Illustration: CHINCHONA CHAHUARGUERA. (From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia de Pavon.') Page 329.] Besides the seeds of the _C. Condaminea_, which is identical with the _C. Chahuarguera_ (Pavon), Mr. Cross succeeded in collecting a few seeds of _C. crispa_ (Tafalla) after several long journeys up the mountains. He found this kind growing at a great elevation, in a deposit of peat, where the temperature sometimes falls to 27° Fahr. This species of chinchona yields the _cascarilla crespilla negra_, one of the most esteemed forms of Loxa bark. Mr. Howard[382] mentions that the _Josephiana_ bears the same relation to the normal _C. Calisaya_ as the _Crespilla_ bark at Loxa does to the normal and full-grown _C. Chahuarguera_. Mr. Cross did his work right well, and in December, 1861, he returned to Guayaquil with nearly 100,000 seeds of _C. Chahuarguera_, and a smaller parcel of _C. crispa_, which were forwarded to India by way of Southampton.[383] Thus were the various operations which I organized for procuring the valuable species of chinchona-trees in South America satisfactorily completed; and the labours of Mr. Spruce, Dr. Taylor, Mr. Pritchett, Mr. Cross, and Mr. Weir, though differing in value and importance, all deserve the warmest recognition, for all those intrepid and courageous explorers worked zealously and successfully, and did good service in furthering this most important public enterprise. CHAPTER XX. CONVEYANCE OF CHINCHONA-PLANTS AND SEEDS FROM SOUTH AMERICA TO INDIA. Transmission of dried specimens--Voyages of plants in Wardian cases--Arrival of plants and seeds in India--Depôt at Kew--Treatment of plants in Wardian cases--Effects of introduction of chinchona-plants into India on trade in South America--Neilgherry hills.