Ghadames, ‮غدامس‬, is the ancient _Cydamus_, the name being precisely the same. In the year 19 before our era, it was subjugated by Cornelius Balbus, being at that period in the possession of a people called Garamtes. The Romans are said to have embellished it, and probably built the fortifications whose ruins have been just described. In an ancient itinerary, from Tunis to Ghadames, we find the following names of stations, viz., Berezeos, Ausilincli, Agma, Augemmi, Tabalata, Thebelami and Tillibari. Leo Africanus, gives the subjoined account of Ghadames: GADEMES, ABITAZIONE.--Gademes è una grande abitazione, dove sono molti castelli e popolosi casali, discosti dal mare Mediterraneo, verso mezzogiorno, circa a trecento miglia. Gli abitatori sono ricchi di possessioni di datteri, e di danari, perciocchè sogliono mercatantare nel paese de' Negri: e si reggono da lor medesimi, e pagano tributo agli Arabi; ma prima erano sotto il re di Tunis, cioè il luogotenente di Tripoli. E vero che quivi il grano e la carne sono molto cari.--(Part vi., chap. Lii.) FOOTNOTES: [56] In the Tunisian Jereed there are more than two hundred different varieties. Some thrive in one kind of soil, and some in another. At first it is difficult for a stranger to distinguish these varieties, but when his eye becomes practised, he can easily do so at a great distance. [57] _Ghusub_, ‮قسب‬, a species of millet. _Pennisetum Tyhoideum._ Rich. It is called _drâ_ in Tunis and _bishma_ in Tripoli. CHAPTER XIII. PREPARATIONS FOR GOING TO SOUDAN. Weariness and Exhaustion in Preparating and Waiting to Depart.--Cold intensely set in.--Excitement of the Messrs. Silva and Levi affair subsiding.--Suffer from Bad Health.--Pet Ostrich.--Longevity in The Desert.--Mahometan Doctrine of Judicial Blindness.--Custom of Dipping and Sopping in Meats.--Mahometan Propositional Form of Doctrine.--The Wild-Ox, or _Bughar Wahoush_.--Salting and Drying Meat for Preservation.--My Friend, the Arab Doctor.--Ravages of Shânbah Brigandage.--The Immemorial Character of the Arab.--Excess of Transit Duties.--Person and Character of Rais Mustapha.--Character of Sheikh Makouran.--Testimonial of the People of Ghadames in my Favour.--Personal Character of my Taleb and Turjeman.--Quarrel with a Wahabite.--Said gets Saucy and Unruly, and development of his Character.--Purchase my _Nagah_ or she-Camel.--Departure from Ghadames, and False Report of the appearance of the Shânbah.