The country around Arrayas affords many prospects as highly picturesque and pleasing to the eye of a common observer as that of the naturalist; to the latter, however, it offers a double charm, owing to the great variety in the objects which such diversity of soil and situation presents for his investigations. My excursions in various directions yielded me upwards of three hundred species of plants, all different from any I had elsewhere collected. The dry upland campos afforded numerous grasses, which are nearly all coarse and rank, and not well suited for pasturage; these grasses do not form a close turf, as in Europe, but grow in scattered tufts, leaving greater intervals of bare soil than the amount of surface actually covered by them; this, however, is not apparent at first sight, for the culm is generally long, and when ripe, and seen from a distance, the campos appear as if covered with wheat or oats. Many flowering shrubs and beautiful herbaceous plants are found growing among the grasses; of the former _Diplusodon_ and _Kielmeyera_ are the most ornamental; one of the latter (_Kielmeyera rosea_, Mart.) grows in bushes about a foot and a half high, and produces numerous large rose-coloured flowers, from which it has obtained the name of Rosa do Campo. Of the herbaceous plants of these tracts, the most beautiful are those belonging to the Gentian tribe. A species of _Lisianthus_ produces large blue bell-shaped blossoms, not unlike those of the _Digitalis_ in shape; and towards the end of the rainy season, the fields are gaily adorned with two elegant species of _Callopisma_; one of these is more abundant than the other, and being intensely bitter, is used medicinally as gentian by the inhabitants of Goyaz, who collect it when in full flower, dried bundles of it being seen hanging up in almost every house; it is used, in infusion, in dyspepsia, and also to strengthen those who are recovering from fever. The trees of the upland Campos are mostly small, consisting chiefly of the beautiful Sicupíra (_Commilobium polygalæflorum_), _Qualea grandiflora_, and _Q. parviflora_, a _Vochysia_, _Salvertia convallariodora_, a _Panax_, an _Albertinia_, a _Lafoensia_, two species of _Cecropia_, the Mangába do Mono, the Cashew, and several species of _Mimosa_.