=E.= Cultivated from Europe; wing notched at tip 7. =A.= Leaves simple; variety under 7. [Illustration: F. Americàna.] 1. =Fráxinus Americàna=, L. (WHITE ASH.) Leaflets 7 to 9 (usually 7), stalked, ovate or lance-oblong, pointed, shining above, pale and either smooth or pubescent beneath, somewhat toothed or entire. Flowers almost always dioecious (May), thus the fruit is found on but a portion of the trees. The fruit (August to September) terete and marginless below, abruptly dilated into the wing, which is 2 to 3 times as long as the terete portion; entire fruit about 1½ in. long. A common large forest-tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, with gray, furrowed bark, smooth, grayish-green branchlets, and rusty-colored buds. Extensively cultivated. [Illustration: F. pubéscens.] 2. =Fráxinus pubéscens=, Lam. (RED ASH.) Like the White Ash, but to be distinguished from it by the down on the young, green or olive-green twigs, and on the footstalks and lower surface of the leaves. Fruit acute, 2-edged at base, gradually dilated into the wings as in Fraxinus viridis. A smaller and more slender tree than the White Ash; growing in about the same localities, but rare west of the Alleghanies; heart-wood darker-colored. [Illustration: F. víridis.] 3. =Fráxinus víridis=, Michx. f. (GREEN ASH.) Smooth throughout; leaflets 5 to 9, bright green on both sides, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, often wedge-shaped at base and serrate above. Fruit acute and 2-edged or margined at base and gradually spreading into an oblanceolate or linear-spatulate wing as in the Red Ash. Small to middle-sized trees (like the Red Ash), found throughout, but common westward. [Illustration: F. quadrangulàta.] 4. =Fráxinus quadrangulàta=, Michx. (BLUE ASH.) Leaflets 7 to 9, short-stalked, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, green on both sides. Fruit narrowly oblong, blunt, of the same width at both ends, or slightly narrowed at the base. A large tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, with smooth square twigs on the vigorous growths. Wisconsin to Ohio and Kentucky. [Illustration: F. platycárpa.] 5. =Fráxinus platycárpa=, Michx. (WATER-ASH.) Leaflets 5 to 7, 3 to 5 in. long, ovate or oblong, acute at both ends, short-stalked, slightly serrate. Branchlets terete, smooth to pubescent. Fruit broadly winged, ¾ in. wide, often 3-winged, tapering to the base. A medium-sized tree in deep river-swamps, Virginia and south. [Illustration: F. sambucifòlia.] 6. =Fráxinus sambucifòlia=, Lam. (BLACK ASH.) Leaflets 7 to 11, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, serrate, obtuse or rounded at base, green and smooth on both sides; when young, with some rusty hairs along the midrib. Fruit without calyx at base and with wing all around the seed-bearing part, blunt at both ends. A slender tree, 40 to 70 ft. high, with dark-blue or black buds. [Illustration: F. excélsior.] [Illustration: Var. monophýlla.]