EXTRACTS FROM THE TESTIMONY OF PROSECUTION EXPERT WITNESS DR. ANDREW C. IVY[25] _DIRECT EXAMINATION_ * * * * * MR. HARDY: Now, Professor Ivy, before adjournment you were beginning to discuss medical ethics in the United States. * * * * * Do you have there also the principles and rules as set forth by the American Medical Association to be followed? WITNESS DR. IVY: Yes. Q. What was the basis on which the American Medical Association adopted those rules? A. I submitted to them a report of certain experiments which had been performed on human subjects along with my conclusions as to what the principles of ethics should be for use of human beings as subjects in medical experiments. I asked the association to give me a statement regarding the principles of medical ethics and what the American Medical Association had to say regarding the use of human beings as subjects in medical experiments. Q. Would you kindly pass up to me that ruling of the principles put out by the American Medical Association? This apparently isn’t what I am referring to, Doctor. Do you have a publication which is published by the American Medical Association entitled “Principles of Ethics Concerning Experimentation on Human Beings”? A. Not with me here. Q. Well now, you have, first of all, a basic requirement for experimentation on human beings, “(1) the voluntary consent of the individual upon whom the experiment is to be performed must be obtained.” A. Yes. Q. “(2) The danger of each experiment must be previously investigated by animal experimentation,” and “(3) the experiment must be performed under proper medical protection and management.” Now, does that purport to be the principles upon which all physicians and scientists guide themselves before they resort to medical experimentation on human beings in the United States? A. Yes. They represent the basic principles approved by the American Medical Association for the use of human beings as subjects in medical experiments. JUDGE SEBRING: How do the principles which you have just enunciated comport with the principles of the medical profession over the civilized world generally? A. They are identical, according to my information. It was with that idea in mind that I cited the principles which were mentioned in this circular letter from the Reich Minister of the Interior dated 28 February 1931 to indicate that the ethical principles for the use of human beings as subjects in medical experiments in Germany in 1931 were similar to those which I have enunciated and which have been approved by the House of Delegates of the American Medical Association. MR. HARDY: Is it possible that in some field of scientific research investigation by animal experimentation would be inadequate? A. Will you repeat that question? I did not get it.