Tribal Custom in Anglo-Saxon Law: Being an Essay Supplemental to (1) 'The English Village Community', (2) 'The Tribal System in Wales'Seebohm, Frederic
History
Tribal Custom in Anglo-Saxon Law: Being an Essay Supplemental to (1) 'The English Village Community', (2) 'The Tribal System in Wales'
Seebohm, Frederic
Anglo-Saxons; Law, Anglo-Saxon; Law, Medieval; Tribes -- Great Britain
[Sidenote: Bots due to the eorl.]
Gif on eorles tune man mannan ofslæhð .xii. scill. gebete.
13. If a man slay another in an _eorl’s_ tun, let him make bot
with xii scillings.
Gif wið eorles birele man geligeð .xii. scill. gebete.
14. If a man lie with an _eorl’s birele_, let him make bot with
xii scillings.
And then from the bots due to the eorl the laws pass to those due to the
ceorl. The following clauses show that under the Kentish laws the ceorl
also had a mund-byrd.
[Sidenote: Bots due to the ceorl.]
Ceorles mund-byrd .vi. scillingas.
15. A ceorl’s mund-byrd vi scillings.
Gif wið ceorles birelan man geligeð .vi. scillingum gebete. aet
þære oðere þeowan .l. scætta. aet þare þriddan .xxx. scætta.
16. If a man lie with a ceorl’s birele, let him make bot with vi
scillings; if with the slave of the second class l scætts; if
with one of the third class xxx scætts.
Thus we get a scale of mund-byrds or penalties due for breach of the
peace or protection of the King, the eorl, and the ceorl:--
[Sidenote: Mund-byrd of King, eorl, and ceorl.]
King’s mund-byrd 50 scillings
Eorl’s ” 12 ”
Ceorl’s ” 6 ”
but so far we have learned nothing about the amount of their wergelds.
Clause 17 fixes the bot for inroad into a man’s ‘tun’ at six scillings
for the first person entering, three for the next, and one for the rest.
[Sidenote: Lending a weapon in a brawl.]
Then follows an interesting set of clauses, which I think must be read
together, as all referring to the case of what might happen in a brawl in
which one man lends a weapon to another.
Gif man mannan wæpnum bebyreþ ðær ceas weorð ⁊ man nænig yfel ne
gedeþ .vi. scillingum gebete.
18. If a man furnishes weapons to another _where there is
strife_, and the man does no harm, let him make bot with vi
scillings.
Gif weg reaf sy gedon .vi. scillingum gebete.
19. If _weg-reaf_ [street robbery] be done, let him make bot with
vi scillings.
Gif man þone man ofslæhð .xx. scillingum gebete.
20. If any one slay _that_ man [_i.e._ to whom he lent the
weapons], let him [the lender] make bot with xx scillings.
Gif man mannan ofslæhð medume leod-gild .c. scillinga gebete.
21. If a man slay another, let him [the lender] make bot with a
medume leod-geld of c scillings.
Gif man mannan ofslæhð æt openum græfe .xx. scillinga forgelde
⁊ in .xl. nihta ealne leod forgelde.
22. If a man slay another, let him at the open grave[305] pay xx
scillings and in 40 nights pay a full[306] leod.
Gif bana of lande gewiteþ þa magas healfne leod forgelden.
23. If the slayer depart from the land, let his kindred pay a
half leod.
These clauses taken together and followed carefully, I think, become
intelligible.
[Sidenote: How treated in Alfred’s and in Ine’s laws.]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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