[2] Paul Rohrbach, _Germany’s Isolation_, p. 50. [3] Karl Helfferich, _Die deutsche Türkenpolitik_, p. 21. [4] This quotation, together with many other facts in this chapter, is from a lengthy memorandum of Djavid Bey on the Bagdad Railway, prepared especially for the use of the author in the writing of this book. It is dated January 3, 1923, and was forwarded from the Lausanne Conference for Peace in the Near East. Unless otherwise specified, quotations from Djavid Bey here given are from this memorandum. There probably is no person who knows more of the Ottoman point of view on the Bagdad Railway than Djavid, who as Young Turk Minister of Finance and, later, as Turkish delegate to the Ottoman Public Debt Administration has had perhaps an unprecedented opportunity to observe the financial and economic ramifications of European imperialism in the Near East. [5] _Diplomatic and Consular Reports_, No. 4835 (1911), p. 16; _Mesopotamia_, p. 41; _The Annual Register_, 1911, pp. 364–365; _Armenia and Kurdistan_, p. 62; _Turkey in Europe_, pp. 72–73; _Anatolia_, pp. 51–52, 81; _infra_, pp. 244–246. [6] Pan-Turkism, or Pan-Turanianism, started as a cultural movement among Ottoman intellectuals. It assumed political aspects as a result of three important circumstances: 1. Aggressions against Turkey by foreign powers; 2. The ardent nationalism of the Balkan states bordering on Turkey; 3. The existence within Turkey of vigorous dissident nationalities, such as the Armenians and the Arabs. Pan-Turanianism and Pan-Islamism, although separate movements, had much in common. In 1911, at any rate, the Young Turks adopted Pan-Islamism as part of their program. Pinon, _op. cit._, pp. 134 _et seq._; _Mohammedan History_, pp. 89–96; Sir Thomas Barclay, _The Turco-Italian War and Its Problems_ (London, 1912), pp. 100 _et seq._ [7] For an excellent statement of the reaction of Turkish nationalism upon European politics see _The Quarterly Review_, Volume 228 (1917), pp. 511 _et seq._ [8] Regarding the coincidence of German and Turkish interests during the reign of Abdul Hamid _cf._ _supra_, pp. 64–65, 125–130. [9] _Report of the Anatolian Railway Company_, 1908 and 1909, pp. 8–9; _The Annual Register_, 1909, pp. 337 _et seq._; _Stenographische Berichte, XII Legislaturperiode, 1 Session_, Volume 260 (1910), pp. 2174d _et seq._ [10] From Djavid Bey’s memorandum. For scattered details of these negotiations see _The Annual Register_, 1910, pp. 336–340; _Report of the Deutsche Bank_, 1910, pp. 13 _et seq._; K. Helfferich, _Die deutsche Türkenpolitik_, pp. 23 _et seq._; Ostrorog, _op. cit._, pp. 60–61. [11] _Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons_, fifth series, Volume 22 (1911), pp. 1284–1285. For further details of the negotiations of 1909–1911 _cf._ B. von Siebert, _Diplomatische Aktenstücke zur Geschichte der Ententepolitik der Vorkriegsjahre_ (Berlin and Leipzig, 1921), Chapters VIII and IX. Hereinafter cited as _de Siebert_ documents.