[29] Raja Narayan Basu (Bose), in enumerating the sacred books of Hinduism, excluded the philosophical systems and included the Tantras. He was and, we believe, is a leading man in the Adi Brahma Somaj. [30] Barth, as above, p. 202. [31] So writes Vans Kennedy, a good authority. The rites, however, vary with varying places. [32] _Asiatic Researches_, v, p. 356. [33] Cicero. [34] We learned from his own lips that among the books which most deeply impressed him were the Bible and the writings of Dr. Chalmers. [35] See _Life of Mohammed_, p. 138. Smith & Elder. [36] _Life of Mohammed_, p. 172, where the results are compared. [37] _Life of Mohammed_, p. 341; Sura ii, 257; xxix, 46. [38] The only exceptions were the Jews of Kheibar and the Christians of Najran, who were permitted to continue in the profession of their faith. They were, however, forced by Omar to quit the peninsula, which thenceforward remained exclusively Mohammedan. "Islam" is a synonym for the Mussulman faith. Its original meaning is "surrender" of one's self to God. [39] _Apology of Al Kindy, the Christian_, p. 18. Smith & Elder, 1882. This remarkable apologist will be noticed further below. [40] Principal Fairbairn: "The Primitive Polity of Islam," _Contemporary Review_, December, 1882, pp. 866, 867. [41] Herr von Kremer, _Culturgeschichte des Orients_, unter den Chalifen, vol. i, p. 383. [42] _Annals of the Early Caliphate_, p. 9. Smith & Elder, 1883. [43] Gibbon's _Decline and Fall_, chapter li, and _Annals of the Early Caliphate_, p. 184. [44] _Ibid._; and Sura xliv, v. 25. _We_--that is, the Lord. [45] _Annals of the Early Caliphate_, p. 46. [46] See, for example, Sura lxxviii: "Verily for the pious there is a blissful abode: gardens and vineyards; and damsels with swelling bosoms, of a fitting age; and a full cup. Lovely large-eyed girls, like pearls hidden in their shells, a reward for that which the faithful shall have wrought. Verily We have created them of a rare creation, virgins, young and fascinating.... Modest damsels averting their eyes, whom no man shall have known before, nor any Jinn," etc. The reader will not fail to be struck by the materialistic character of Mohammed's paradise. [47] See Sura _Jehad_; also _Annals of the Early Caliphate_, p. 167, _et. seq._ [48] _Annals of the Early Caliphate_, p. 105, _et. seq._ [49] See _Annals_, etc., p. 253. [50] Sura ix, v. 30. [51] So Jews and Christians as possessing the Bible are named in the Koran. [52] See _Annals_, etc., p. 213. [53] _The Apology of Al Kindy_, written at the court of Al Mamun A.H. 215 (A.D. 830), with an essay on its age and authorship, p. 12. Smith & Elder, 1882. [54] _Ibid._, p. 34. [55] _Apology_, p. 47, _et. seq._ [56] Alluding to the "_Ansar_," or mortal "Helpers" of Mohammed at Medina. Throughout, the apologist, it will be observed, is drawing a contrast with the means used for the spread of Islam. [57] _Apology_, p. 16. [58] _Apology_, p. 57.