Young Turkish nationalism--One-sided abolition of capitulations--Anti-foreign efforts at emancipation--Abolition of foreign languages--German simplicity--The Turkification of commercial life--Unmistakable intellectual improvement as a result of the war--Trade policy and customs tariff--National production--The founding of new businesses in Turkey--Germany supplanted--German starvation--Capitulations or full European control?--The colonisation and forcible Turkification of Anatolia--"The properties of people who have been dispatched elsewhere"--The "Mohadjirs"--Greek persecutions just before the Great War--The "discovery" of Anatolia, the nucleus of the Ottoman Empire--Turkey finds herself at last--Anatolian dirt and decay--The "Greater Turkey" and the purely Turkish Turkey--Cleavage or concentration? From the Germans we now turn again to the Turks, to try to fathom the exact mentality of the Young Turks during the great war, and to discover what were the intellectual sources for their various activities. To give a better idea of the whole position I will just preface my remarks by stating a few of the outstanding features of the present Young Turkish Government and their dependents. Their first and chief characteristic is _hostility to foreigners_, but this does not prevent them from making every possible use of their ally Germany, or from appropriating in every walk of life anything European, be it a matter of technical skill, government, civilisation, that they consider might be profitable. Secondly they are possessed of an unbounded store of _jingoism_, which has its origin in _Pan-Turkism_ with its ruling idea of "Turanism." Pan-Turkism, which seems to be the governing passion of all the leading men of the day, finds expression in two directions. Outwardly it is a constant striving for a "Greater Turkey," a movement that for a large part in its essence, and certainly in its territorial aims, runs parallel with the "Holy War"; inwardly it is a fanatical desire for a general Turkification which finds outlet in political nationalistic measures, some of criminal barbarity, others partaking of the nature of modern reforms, beginning with the language regulations and "internal colonisation" and ending in the Armenian persecutions.