Finally, in this discovery of Anatolia, in this desire to put an end to traditional destitution, this recognition of the real import of even the poorest, most primitive, dullest peasant peoples in the undeveloped Interior, so long as they are of Turkish race, in this sudden flood of learned eloquence over the needs and the true inner worth of these miserable neglected Turkish peasants, in this pressing demand for thorough reforms for the economic and social strengthening of this element--measures which with the present ruling spirit of jingoism in the Government threaten to be carried through only at the expense of the non-Turkish population of Anatolia--we see very clear proof that the neo-Turkish movement is a pure race movement, is nothing but Pan-Turkism both outwardly and inwardly, and has very little indeed to do with religious questions or with Islam. The idea of Islam, or rather Pan-Islamism, is a complete failure. This we shall try to show in the following chapter. CHAPTER VIII Religion and race--The Islam policy of Abdul-Hamid and of the Young Turks--Turanism and Pan-Islamism as political principles--Turanism and the Quadruple Alliance--Greed and race-fanaticism--Religious traditions and modern reforms--Reform in the law--A modern Sheikh-ul-Islam--Reform and nationalisation--The Armenian and Greek Patriarchates--The failure of Pan-Islamism--The alienation of the Arabs--Djemal Pasha's "hangman's policy" in Syria--Djemal as a "Pro-French"--Djemal and Enver--Djemal and Germany--His true character--The attempt against the Suez Canal--Djemal's murderous work nears completion--The great Arabian and Syrian Separatist movement--The defection of the Emir of Mecca and the great Arabian catastrophe. In little-informed circles in Europe people are still under the false impression that the Young Turks of to-day, the intellectual and political leaders of Turkey in this war, are authentic, zealous, and even fanatical Mohammedans, and superficial observers explain all unpleasant occurrences and outbreaks of Young Turkish jingoism on Pan-Islamic grounds, especially as Turkey has not been slow in proclaiming her "Holy War." But this conception is entirely wrong. The artificial character of the "Djihad," which was only set in motion against a portion of the "unbelievers," while the others became more and more the ruling body in Turkey, is the best proof of the untenability of this theory. The truth is that the present political régime is the complete denial of the Pan-Islamic idea and the substitution of the Pan-Turkish idea of race.