Unless otherwise noted the material in this chapter is derived from: Department of Defense, _United States-Vietnam Relations, 1945–1947_, 12 books (Washington: GPO, 1971), hereafter _Pentagon Papers_; The Senator Gravel Edition, _Pentagon Papers: The Defense Department History of Decision Making On Vietnam_, 4 vols. (Boston: Beacon press, n.d.), hereafter Gravel Edition, _Pentagon Papers_; Foreign Area Studies Division, American University, _Area Handbook for South Vietnam_ (Washington: GPO, 1967), hereafter American University, _Area Handbook_; Chester L. Cooper, _et al._, _The American Experience With Pacification in Vietnam_, 3 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Institute For Defense Analysis, 1972), hereafter Cooper, _et al._, _The American Experience With Pacification_; Joseph Buttinger, _The Smaller Dragon: A Political History of Vietnam_ (New York: Praeger, 1958), hereafter Buttinger, _The Smaller Dragon_; Bernard Fall, _Two Viet-Nams: A Political and Military Analysis_ (New York: Praeger, 1967, 2d rev. ed.), hereafter Fall, _Two Viet-Nams_; D. G. E. Hall, _A History of South-East Asia_ (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1966), hereafter Hall, _A History of South-East Asia_; Frances FitzGerald, _Fire In The Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans In Vietnam_ (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1972), hereafter FitzGerald, _Fire In The Lake_; Ellen J. Hammer, _The Struggle for Indochina_ (Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press, 1954), hereafter Hammer, _The Struggle for Indochina_; Douglas Pike, _Viet Cong: The Organization and Techniques of The National Liberation Front_ (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1966), hereafter Pike, _Viet Cong_. [1-1] Hanson W. Baldwin, _Strategy for Tomorrow_ (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1970), p. 261. [1-2] Fall, _Two Viet-Nams_, p. 3. [1-3] Pike, _Viet Cong_, p. 81. [1-4] FitzGerald, _Fire In The Lake_, p. 42. [1-5] Col Victor J. Croizat, USMC (Ret.), _A Translation From The French Lessons of The War In Indochina_, v. II (Santa Monica, Cal.: Rand Corporation, 1967), p. 12, hereafter Croizat, _A Translation From the French Lessons_. [1-6] Dean Acheson, _Present At The Creation: My Years in The State Department_ (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1969), p. 673. [1-7] Buttinger, _The Smaller Dragon_, p. 46. [1-8] B. S. N. Murti, _Vietnam Divided_ (New York, 1954), p. 49. [1-9] Letter, SecState to SecDef, 18Aug54 as quoted in “U.S. Training of the Vietnamese National Army 1954–1959,” _Pentagon Papers_, bk. 2, sec. IV.A.4, p. 3. Chapter 2 The Formative Years