Besides the larger histories, which contain abundant information about the war, mention should be made of B. J. Lossing's _Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812_ (1868), written by one who visited most of the battlefields of the war. A well-balanced account of the military operations is contained in K. C. Babcock's _The Rise of American Nationality_ (in _The American Nation_, vol. XIII, 1906). Theodore Roosevelt, _The Naval War of 1812_ (various editions); E. S. Maclay, _History of the United States Navy from 1775 to 1901_ (3 vols., 1901-02), and _History of American Privateers_ (1899); J. R. Spears, _History of Our Navy_ (4 vols., 1897); and C. O. Paullin, _Commodore John Rodgers_ (1910), give the history of the maritime war. The most comprehensive study of the naval operations of the war is the work by Admiral Mahan already cited. The part of Jackson in the war is set forth in many biographies. The most picturesque is James Parton, _Life of Andrew Jackson_ (3 vols., 1860); the most recent is J. S. Bassett, _Life of Andrew Jackson_ (2 vols., 1911). S. E. Morison, _Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis_ (2 vols., 1913), gives a fresh account of the disaffection in New England and of the Hartford Convention. The peace negotiations at Ghent are set forth circumstantially by Henry Adams in his _History of the United States_ (9 vols., 1889-91). CHAPTER XIII THE RESULTS OF THE WAR In a message to Congress transmitting the treaty of peace, President Madison congratulated the country on the termination of a war "waged with a success which is the natural result of the wisdom of the legislative councils, of the patriotism of the people, of the public spirit of the militia, and of the valor of the military and naval forces of the country." The verdict of history does not sustain this paean of victory. "The record, upon the whole," declares Admiral Mahan, "is one of gloom, disaster, and governmental incompetence, resulting from lack of national preparation, due to the obstinate and blind prepossessions of the Government, and, in part, of the people." Public opinion indorsed the President's estimate of the late struggle. As a matter of fact, the people of the United States had seen little of the disasters and ravages of war. All the important battles took place on the borders. The great mass of the people were undisturbed in their vocations. There was hardly a day during the war when a farmer could not till his acres in tranquillity. Not an important city save Washington was taken during the war. Nor was the loss of life large in proportion to population. All told, the killed and wounded did not exceed five thousand men. Napoleon lost nearly two hundred thousand French soldiers in his disastrous Russian campaign.